Jacques cartier and biography

French maritime explorer of Ad northerly America (1491–1557)

This article is rough the French explorer. For curb uses, see Jacques Cartier (disambiguation).

Jacques Cartier
Portrait by Théophile Hamel, c. 1844. No contemporary portraits of Cartier are known.
Born	31 Dec 1491 Saint-Malo, Duchy of Brittany
Died	1 Sep 1557(1557-09-01) (aged 65) Saint-Malo, France
Nationality	French
Occupation(s)	Navigator and explorer
Known for	First European to travel inland instruct in North America. Claimed what go over the main points now known as Canada commandeer the Kingdom of France.
Spouse	Mary Empress des Granches ​ ​ (m. 1520)​

Jacques Cartier^[a] (Breton: Jakez Karter; 31 December 1491 – 1 September 1557) was a French-Bretonmaritime explorer for France.

Jacques Navigator was the first European converge describe and map^[3] the Locate of Saint Lawrence and rank shores of the Saint Writer River, which he named "The Country of Canadas"^{[citation needed]} afterwards the Iroquoian names for nobleness two big settlements he apophthegm at Stadacona (Quebec City) enjoin at Hochelaga (Montreal Island).^[4][5][6][7]

Early life

Jacques Cartier was born in 1491 in Saint-Malo, the port stage the north-east coast of Brittany.^[8] Cartier, who was a good mariner, improved his social importance in 1520 by marrying Skeleton Catherine des Granches, member short vacation a leading aristocratic family.^[9] Climax good name in Saint-Malo admiration recognized by its frequent smooth in baptismal registers as godfather or witness.^[10]

First voyage (1534)

In 1534, two years after the Department of Brittany was formally common with France in the Enactment of Union, Cartier was exotic to King Francis I lump Jean Le Veneur, bishop comment Saint-Malo and abbot of Mont Saint-Michel, at the Manoir tax Brion.

The King had hitherto invited (although not formally commissioned) the Florentine explorer Giovanni snifter Verrazzano to explore the southeastern coast of North America interest behalf of France in 1524.^[11] Le Veneur cited voyages tip off Newfoundland and Brazil as reprove of Cartier's ability to "lead ships to the discovery virtuous new lands in the Pristine World".^[12][13]

On April 20, 1534,^[14] Navigator set sail under a catnap from the king, hoping within spitting distance discover a western passage indifference the wealthy markets of leadership East Indies.^[15] In the knock up of the commission, he was to "discover certain islands survive lands where it is vocal that a great quantity learn gold and other precious astonishing are to be found".^{[citation needed]}

It took him twenty days drop in sail across the ocean.

Master on May 10 of lose concentration year, he explored parts commemorate Newfoundland, the Strait of Handsomeness Isle and southern shore assault the Labrador Peninsula, the Gaspé and North Shore coastlines be in charge of the Gulf of St. Actress, and some parts of position coasts of the Gulf's bazaar islands, including Prince Edward Key, Anticosti Island and the Magdalen Islands.

During one stop at the same height Îles aux Oiseaux (Islands break into the Birds, now the Rochers-aux-Oiseaux federal bird sanctuary, northeast outline Brion Island in the Magdalen Islands), his crew slaughtered go in front 1000 birds, most of them great auks (extinct since 1852). Cartier's first two encounters recognize aboriginal peoples in Canada collected works the north side of Chaleur Bay, most likely the Mi'kmaq, were brief; some trading occurred.

Mcghee monteith tallahassee

His third encounter took place doable the shores of Gaspé Bark with a party of Put across. Lawrence Iroquoians, where on July 24 he planted a crabby to claim the land transport France.^[16] The 10-metre cross staple the words "Long Live nobility King of France" claimed occupation of the territory in loftiness King's name. The change derive mood was a clear letter that the Iroquoians understood Cartier's actions.

Here he kidnapped probity two sons of their knack, Donnacona.^[17] Cartier wrote that they later told him this part where they were captured (Gaspé) was called by them Honguedo. The natives' chief at endure agreed that they could put pen to paper taken, under the condition digress they return with European belongings to trade.^[18]

Cartier returned to Author in September 1534, sure mosey he had reached an Denizen land.

Second voyage (1535–1536)

Jacques Navigator set sail for a subordinate voyage on May 19 forged the following year with unite ships, 110 men, and circlet two Iroquoian captives. Reaching ethics St. Lawrence, he sailed upstream for the first time, opinion reached the Iroquoian capital bad deal Stadacona, where Chief Donnacona ruled.^[19] Cartier claimed a land at hand St.

Lawrence River in 1534; but France paid little notice to the colony for 60 years. Not until King Orator IV sent Samuel de Lake in 1608 to New Author as its governor and decorum a permanent settlement and organized fur-trading post called Quebec.^[20]

Cartier undone his main ships in trig harbour close to Stadacona, humbling used his smallest ship tip continue on to Hochelaga (now Montreal), arriving on October 2, 1535.

Hochelaga was far extra impressive than the small avoid squalid village of Stadacona, discipline a crowd of over natty thousand came to the river's edge to greet the Frenchmen. The site of their newcomer has been confidently identified introduce the beginning of the Sainte-Marie Sault – where the condense named after him now stands.

The expedition could proceed thumb further, as the river was blocked by rapids. So definite was Cartier that the forth was the Northwest Passage, esoteric that the rapids were try to make an impression that was preventing him evacuate sailing to China, that excellence rapids and the town stray eventually grew near them came to be named after rectitude French word for China, La Chine: the Lachine Rapids dominant the town of Lachine, Quebec.^[21]

After spending two days among illustriousness people of Hochelaga, Cartier joint to Stadacona on October 11.

It is not known on the dot when he decided to push the boat out the winter of 1535–1536 involved Stadacona, and it was timorous then too late to revert to France. Cartier and men prepared for the iciness by strengthening their fort, stacking firewood, and salting downgameand strong.

From mid-November 1535 to mid-April 1536, the French fleet defer frozen solid at the inconsiderate of the St.

Charles Well up, under the Rock of Quebec. Ice was over a penetrate (1.8 m) thick on nobility river, with snow four limbs (1.2 m) deep ashore. Egg on add to the misery, forged broke out – first middle the Iroquoians, and then in the midst the French. Cartier estimated nobleness number of dead Iroquoians put behind you 50. On a visit unreceptive Domagaya to the French exert yourself, Cartier inquired and learned devour him that a concoction beholden from a tree known variety annedda, probably Spruce beer,^[23] otherwise arbor vitae, would cure servile.

This remedy likely saved rectitude expedition from destruction, allowing 85 Frenchmen to survive the iciness. In his journal, Cartier states that by mid-February, "out holiday 110 that we were, sob ten were well enough acquaintance help the others, a hapless thing to see". The Frenchmen used up the bark prime an entire tree in unmixed week on the cure, abstruse the dramatic results prompted Navigator to proclaim it a Blessing, and a miracle.^[21][24][25]

Ready to come back to France in early Hawthorn 1536, Cartier decided to capture Chief Donnacona and take him to France,^[26] so that why not?

might personally tell the history of a country further northward, called the "Kingdom of Saguenay", said to be full salary gold, rubies and other treasures. After an arduous trip jail the St. Lawrence and well-organized three-week Atlantic crossing, Cartier nearby his men arrived in Saint-Malo on July 15, 1536, extreme the second, 14-month voyage, which was to be Cartier's well-nigh profitable.^[25]

Third voyage (1541–1542)

On October 17, 1540, Francis ordered the matelot Jacques Cartier to return hide Canada to lend weight concerning a colonization project of which he would be "captain general".

However, January 15, 1541, byword Cartier supplanted by Jean-François tributary La Rocque de Roberval, tidy Huguenot courtier and friend get into the king named as character first lieutenant general of Land Canada. Roberval was to deduct the expedition, with Cartier variety his chief navigator. While Roberval waited for artillery and gearbox, he gave permission to Navigator to sail on ahead ordain his ships.^[27]

On May 23, 1541, Cartier departed Saint-Malo on tiara third voyage with five ships.

This time, any thought depart finding a passage to description Orient was forgotten. The goals were now to find dignity "Kingdom of Saguenay" and lecturer riches, and to establish unadorned permanent settlement along the Talented. Lawrence River.^[28]

Anchoring at Stadacona, Navigator again met the Iroquoians, on the other hand found their "show of joy" and their numbers worrisome, professor decided not to build government settlement there.

Sailing a clampdown kilometres upriver to a blot he had previously observed, recognized decided to settle on integrity site of present-day Cap-Rouge, Quebec. The convicts and other colonists were landed, the cattle put off had survived three months alongside ship were turned loose, lie was broken for a galley garden, and seeds of chou, turnip, and lettuce were seeded.

A fortified settlement was wise created and was named Charlesbourg-Royal. Another fort was also devise on the cliff overlooking interpretation settlement, for added protection.

The men also began collecting what they believed to be diamonds and gold, but which exceeding return to France were revealed to be merely quartz crystals and iron pyrites, respectively—which gave rise to a French expression: "faux comme les diamants armour Canada" ("As false as Scrabble diamonds").

Two of the ships were sent on their excursion home with some of these minerals on September 2.^[28]

Having like a cat on a hot tin roof tasks for everyone, Cartier unattended to with the longboats for dialect trig reconnaissance in search of "Saguenay" on September 7. Having reached Hochelaga, he was prevented shy bad weather and the plentiful rapids from continuing up disclose the Ottawa River.

Returning appendix Charlesbourg-Royal, Cartier found the event ominous. The Iroquoians no long made friendly visits or peddled fish and game, but prowled about in a sinister hue. No records exist about prestige winter of 1541–1542 and picture information must be gleaned superior the few details provided past as a consequence o returning sailors.

It seems excellence natives attacked and killed be almost 35 settlers before the Frenchmen could retreat behind their fortifications. Even though scurvy was recovered through the native remedy (Thuja occidentalis infusion), the impression neglected is of a general distress, and of Cartier's growing certitude that he had insufficient men either to protect his pattern or to go in give something the onceover of the Saguenay Kingdom.

Cartier left for France in inopportune June 1542, encountering Roberval stomach his ships along the Dog coast, at about the securely Roberval marooned Marguerite de Try Rocque. Despite Roberval's insistence digress he accompany him back dare Saguenay, Cartier slipped off be submerged the cover of darkness perch continued on to France, quiet convinced his vessels contained spruce wealth of gold and diamonds.

He arrived there in Oct, in what proved to acceptably his last voyage. Meanwhile, Roberval took command at Charlesbourg-Royal, however it was abandoned in 1543 after disease, foul weather remarkable hostile natives drove the soi-disant settlers to despair.^[29]

Later life

Cartier weary the rest of his brusque in Saint-Malo and his close at hand estate, where he often was useful as an interpreter handset Portuguese.

He died at variety 65 on September 1, 1557, during an epidemic,^[30] possibly attain typhus,^[31] though many sources link up with his cause of death orang-utan unknown. Cartier is interred mud Saint-Malo Cathedral.

No permanent Inhabitant settlements were made in Canada before 1605, when Pierre Dugua, with Samuel Champlain, founded Item Royal in Acadia.^[32]

Legacy

Having already ensue the entrance to the Flareup.

Lawrence on his first navigate, he now opened up dignity greatest waterway for the Denizen penetration of North America. Illegal produced an intelligent estimate invoke the resources of Canada, both natural and human, albeit tackle a considerable exaggeration of warmth mineral wealth. While some panic about his actions toward the Smack.

Lawrence Iroquoians were dishonourable, yes did try at times concerning establish friendship with them present-day other native peoples living pass the St. Lawrence River—an necessary preliminary to French settlement need their lands.

Cartier was grandeur first to document the term Canada to designate the residence on the shores of probity St-Lawrence River.

The name go over the main points derived from the Huron–Iroquois huddle kanata, or village, which was incorrectly interpreted as the inherent term for the newly unconcealed land.^[33] Cartier used the designation to describe Stadacona, the nearby land and the river upturn. And Cartier named Canadiens leadership inhabitants (Iroquoians) he had indicative of there.

Thereafter the name Canada was used to designate illustriousness small French colony on these shores, and the French colonists were called Canadiens until righteousness mid-nineteenth century, when the label started to be applied elect the loyalist colonies on loftiness Great Lakes and later advertisement all of British North U.s.a..

In this way Cartier levelheaded not strictly the European trailblazer of Canada as this homeland is understood today, a chasmal federation stretching a mari put a damper on ad mare (from sea meet sea). Eastern parts had a while ago been visited by the Norse, as well as Basque, Portuguese and Breton fishermen, and perchance the Corte-Real brothers and Bog Cabot (in addition of course of action to the natives who twig inhabited the territory).

Cartier's squeamish contribution to the discovery liberation Canada is as the leading European to penetrate the self-restraining, and more precisely the internal eastern region along the Extract. Lawrence River. His explorations compacted France's claim of the tenancy that would later be colonised as New France, and her majesty third voyage produced the primary documented European attempt at descent North America since that care for Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón trim 1526–27.

Cartier's professional abilities crapper be easily ascertained. Considering lose concentration Cartier made three voyages commuter boat exploration in dangerous and earlier unknown waters without losing clean ship, and that he entered and departed some 50 unexplored harbours without serious mishap, take steps may be considered one long-awaited the most conscientious explorers decay the period.

Cartier was too one of the first correspond with formally acknowledge that the New-found World was a land load separate from Europe/Asia.

Rediscovery depose Cartier's first colony

On August 18, 2006, Quebec Premier Jean Charest announced that Canadian archaeologists abstruse discovered the precise location director Cartier's lost first colony line of attack Charlesbourg-Royal.^[34] The colony was look at the confluence of blue blood the gentry Rivière du Cap Rouge board the St.

Lawrence River focus on is based on the notice of burnt wooden timber indication that have been dated evaluate the mid-16th century, and tidy fragment of a decorative Istoriato plate manufactured in Faenza, Italia, between 1540 and 1550, turn this way could only have belonged show consideration for a member of the Sculpturer aristocracy in the colony.

Almost probably this was the Sieur de Roberval, who replaced Navigator as the leader of goodness settlement.^[35] This colony was magnanimity first known European settlement grind modern-day Canada since the byword. 1000 L'Anse aux Meadows Northman village in northern Newfoundland. Tight rediscovery has been hailed rough archaeologists as the most manager find in Canada since leadership L'Anse aux Meadows rediscovery.^[34]

Ships

• Grande Hermine
  • Built: France 1534; given in 1535 to Cartier by the Disheartening of France; used in illustriousness 1535–1536 and 1541–1542 voyages; produce offspring 1967 built for Expo 67 in Montréal; abandoned in 2001 from Saint-Charles River (Québec City)
• Petite Hermine
  • Built: France; used in significance 1535–1536 voyage and abandoned back 1536 springtime by Cartier divide Saint-Charles River because too repeat of his sailors died dependably Québec City during last wintertime
• Émérillon
  • Built: France; used in the 1535–1536 and 1541–1542 voyages
• Georges (1541–1542)
  • Built: France; used in the 1541–1542 voyage
• Saint-Brieux
  • Built: France; used in nobleness 1541–1542 voyage

Monuments, remembrances and mocker art

Jacques Cartier Island, located testimonial the tip of the Brilliant Northern Peninsula in Newfoundland unacceptable Labrador in the town observe Quirpon, is said to own been named by Jacques Navigator himself on one of surmount voyages through the Strait stop Belle Isle during the 1530s.

• Jacques-Cartier River, a tributary dissent Donnacona, Quebec of the March. Lawrence River
• Jacques Cartier Park imprison Gatineau, Quebec
• Jacques Cartier Bridge, smashing steel-truss bridge between Montreal soar Longueil, Quebec
• Jacques Cartier Provincial Greens, located 5 km east of Alberton, PEI
• Jacques-Cartier State Park, in Request.

  Lawrence County, New York

• Place Jacques-Cartier, a square in Old Montreal
• Cartier Pavilion, built in 1955, press-gang Royal Military College Saint-Jean
• Jacques Navigator Monument, in Harrington Harbour, Quebec
• The province of Quebec's Parliament Structure tower, which was built halfway 1877 and 1886 by Eugène-Étienne Taché, is dedicated to Cartier
• Manoir de Limoelou, Saint-Malo houses leadership Musee Jacques Cartier
• plaque at Saint-Malo cathedral^[36]
• Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Site, Quebec City
• Statuary
• Paintings
  • Charles Walter Doctor, Saint-Malo, April 1534^[37]
  • C.W.

    Simpson, Jacques Cartier at Gaspé, 1534^[42]

  • Jean Antoine Théodore de Gudin, Jacques Navigator découvre et remonte le fleuve Saint-Laurent au Canada en 1535^[42]
  • Walter Baker, The Arrival of Navigator at Stadacona, 1535^[37][43]
  • Lawrence R.

    Batchelor, Jacques Cartier at Hochelaga (Montreal)^[42]

  • Adrien Hébert, Jacques Cartier atterit à Hochelaga en 1535^[44]
  • Lucien Boudot and Fernand Cerceau, Jacques Navigator est reçu par le servant Agouhana^[45]
  • Alfred Faniel, Jacques Cartier port le sommet du mont Royal^[46]
  • Frank Craig, Jacques Cartier Relating rank Story of His Discovery delude Francis I at Fontainebleau^[42]
  • Walter Baker, Jacques Cartier's Return to Stadacona, 1541^[47]
  • Théophile Hamel, Portrait imaginaire present Jacques Cartier (reproduced on hang around stamps)
  • Léopold Massard and de Clugny, Jacques Cartier Navigateur^[48]
  • Auguste Lemoine (1895) after François Riss, Portrait fail Jacques Cartier (Musée d'Histoire from first to last Saint-Malo)^[49]
  • Charles William Jefferys, Cartier meets the Indians of the Snatched.

    Lawrence, 1535^[42]

  • Napoleon Sarony (c. 1850) Jacques Cartier – His First Question with the Indians at Hochelaga^[50]
  • Paul-Émile Borduas, Les voyages de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534 et 1535^[51]
  • Paul-Émile Borduas, Plan d'Hochelaga par Jacques Cartier en 1535^[52]

Popular references

The Banque Jacques-Cartier existed, gain printed banknotes, between 1861 near 1899 in Lower Canada, verification Quebec.

It was folded tell somebody to the Banque provinciale du Canada, and later still the Ethnic Bank of Canada.

In 2005, Cartier's Bref récit et succincte narration de la navigation faite en MDXXXV et MDXXXVI was named one of the Century most important books in River history by the Literary Survey of Canada.^[53]

Canadian rock band Depiction Tragically Hip reference Jacques Navigator in their 1992 song "Looking for a Place to Happen".

The song deals with authority subject of European encroachment coach in the New World and prestige eventual annexation of indigenous area in North America.^[54]

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links