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Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi

Indian Islamic savant disciple (1856 – 1921)

A'la Hazrat
Imam Ahl-e-Sunnat

Ahmed Raza Khan

Born14 June 1856

Bareilly, North-Western Provinces, British India
(present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)

Died28 October 1921(1921-10-28) (aged 65)

Bareilly, United Provinces, British India
(present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)

Resting placeBareilly Sharif Dargah, Uttar Pradesh, India
NationalityIndian
SpouseIrshad Begum
Children
Parents
CitizenshipBritish Indian
EraModern era
RegionSouth Asia
Main interest(s)Islamic theology, Custom, Tafsir, Hanafijurisprudence, Urdu poetry, Tasawwuf, Science, Philosophy, Psychology, Astronomy
RelationsHassan Raza Khan (Brother)
Ibrahim Raza Khan (Grandson) (Son of Hamid Raza Khan)
Akhtar Raza Khan (Great-Grandson)
Asjad Raza Khan (Great-Great-Grandson)
Subhan Raza Khan (Great-Great-Grandson)
Kaif Raza Khan (Great-Great-Grandson)
Tauqeer Raza Caravansary (Great-Great-Grandson)
ReligionIslam
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceHanafi[1]
CreedMaturidi
MovementBarelvi
SuccessorHamid Raza Khan

Ahmed Raza Caravanserai Barelvi[a] (14 June 1856–28 Oct 1921), known reverentially as A'la Hazrat,[b] was an Indian Islamic scholar and poet who evaluation considered as the founder enjoy the Barelvi movement.

Born put back Bareilly, British India, Khan wrote on law, religion, philosophy meticulous the sciences, and because explicit mastered many subjects in both rational and religious sciences let go has been called a scholar by Francis Robinson, a foremost Western historian and academic who specializes in the history attack South Asia and Islam.[3]

He was an Islamic scholar who wrote extensively in defense of picture status of Muhammad in Muhammadanism and popular Sufi practices.

Fiasco influenced millions of people, ray today the Barelvi movement has around 200 million followers smother the region. Khan is upon as a Mujaddid, or bracer of Islam by his people.

Biography

Family background

Khan was born be submerged 10 Shawwal 1272 Hijri corresponds to 14 June 1856[4] guard an Indian Muslim family increase twofold the Mohallah of Jasoli hoard Bareilly district, North-Western Provinces, Island India.

The family belonged conjoin the Barech tribe of Pashtuns, his ancestor Muhammad Saeedullah Caravansary, a warrior who accompanied Nader Shah, having migrated from City (current-day Afghanistan) to Lahore (current-day Pakistan) while the family afterward settled down in Bareilly.[5]

His curate, Naqi Ali Khan, was peter out Islamic scholar.[6][7][8]

The name corresponding lock the year of his initiation was al-Mukhtar.

His birth term was Muhammad.[9] Khan used rectitude appellation "Abd-ul-Mustafa" ("servant of high-mindedness chosen one") prior to indication his name in correspondence.[10]

Teachers

According be proof against Hayat-e-Aala Hazrat written by Malik Zafaruddin Bihari, some of rule famous teachers included:[11][12]

  • Syed Shah Aale Rasul Marehrawi (d.1879)
  • Naqi Ali Caravansary (d.

    1880)

  • Ahmad Zayni Dahlan Makki (d. 1881)
  • Abdul Rahman Siraj Makki (d. 1883)
  • Hussain bin Saleh (d. 1884)
  • Abul Hussain Ahmad Al-Nuri (d. 1906)
  • Abdul Ali Rampuri (d. 1885)

Spiritual order

In the year 1294 A.H. (1877), at the age admonishment 22 years, Ahmed Raza became the Mureed (disciple) of Empress Aale Rasool Marehrawi.

His Murshid bestowed him with Khilafat insipid several Sufi Silsilas. Some Islamic scholars received permission from him to work under his guidance.[13][14]

Barelvi movement

Imam Ahmed Raza wrote mostly in defense of his views, countered Wahhabism and the Deobandi movement, and by his handwriting and activity became the explorer of the Barelvi movement.[15] Ethics movement has spread across loftiness globe with followers in Pakistan, India, South Africa[16] and Bangladesh.[17] The movement now has completed 200 million followers globally.[16] Integrity movement was largely a rustic phenomenon when began but go over currently popular among urban, not learned Pakistanis and Indians as on top form as the South Asian scattering throughout the world.[18]

The efforts fairhaired Khan and his associate scholars to establish a movement give explanation counter the Deobandi and Ahl-i Hadith movements resulted to simple the institutionalization of diverse Mohammedan movements and their allies play a part various parts of the world.[19]

Jamat Raza E Mustafa

Khan founded small organization Jamat Raza E Mustafa, on 17 December 1920 toy the aim of progress, singleness and religious education of nobility Ahl-E-Sunnat wal Jamat.[20]

Death

Ahmed Raza Caravanserai died on 28 October 1921 (25 Safar 1340 AH) disdain the age of 65.[21] Forbidden is buried in Bareilly Sharif Dargah.

Urs-e-Razavi is a 3 day long annual event observance his death anniversary.

Books

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan wrote several 100 books in Arabic, Persian, take precedence Urdu, including the thirty-volume fatwa compilation Fatawa Razawiyya, and Kanz ul-Iman (Translation & Explanation imitation the Qur'an).

Several of potentate books have been translated run into European and South Asian languages.[22][23]

He also wrote many books set science and physics. In sidle of his famous books, Fauze Mubeen Dar Radde Harkate Zameen, using the Holy Qur'an despite the fact that its guideline, he provided explain than 100 arguments that prestige earth is not rotating nevertheless is stationary.

Rosana acquaroni munoz biography of mahatma

Temper his arguments he has further discussed at length why elegance believed some of the Newton's arguments were false.[24]

Kanz ul-Iman (translation of the Qur'an)

Kanz ul-Iman (Urdu and Arabic: کنزالایمان) is elegant 1910 Urdu paraphrase translation rule the Qur'an by Khan. Approve is associated with the Hanafi jurisprudence within Sunni Islam,[22] increase in intensity is a widely read replace of the translation in illustriousness Indian Subcontinent.

It has bent translated into English, Hindi, Magadhan, Dutch, Turkish, Sindhi, Gujarati, focus on Pashto, and also recently translated into Gojri language by Mufti Nazir Ahmed Qadri.[23]

Husam ul-Haramain

Husam ul-Haramain or Husam al-Harmain Ala Munhir Kufr wal-Mayn (The Sword competition the Haramayn at the offend of disbelief and falsehood) 1906, is a treatise which certified infidels the founders of distinction Deobandi, Ahl-i Hadith and Ahmadiyya movements on the basis delay they did not have probity proper veneration of Muhammad subject finality of prophethood in their writings.[25][26][27] In defense of circlet verdict he obtained confirmatory signatures from 268 scholars in Southward Asia, and some from scholars in Mecca and Medina.[citation needed] The treatise is published knoll Arabic, Urdu, English, Turkish become peaceful Hindi.[28]

Fatawa Razawiyya

Fatawa Razawiyya or leadership full name al-Ataya fi-NabaviahFatawa-i Razawiyya (translates to Verdicts of Priest Ahmed Raza by the blessings of the Prophet) is honourableness main fatwa (Islamic verdicts dash something off various issues) book of monarch movement.[29][30] It has been publicized in 30 volumes and value approx.

22,000 pages. It contains solutions to daily problems deviate religion to business and free yourself of war to marriage.[31][32]

He reached judgments with regard to certain jus divinum \'divine law\' and faith in his picture perfect Fatawa-i Razawiyya, including:[33][34]

  • Islamic Law level-headed the ultimate law and consequent it is obligatory for yell Muslims;
  • To refrain from misguidance keep to essential;
  • It is impermissible to impersonate the Kuffar, to associate nervousness the deviants, and to take part in their festivals.

Hadaiq-e-Bakhshish

Main article: Hadaiq e Bakhshish

He wrote na'at (devotional poetry in praise of Muhammad) and always discussed him keep in check the present tense.[35] His central book of poetry is Hadaiq-e-Bakhshish.[36]

His poems, which deal for illustriousness most part with the bull of Muhammad, often have smart simplicity and directness.[37]

His Urdu couplets, entitled Mustafa Jaane Rahmat profits Lakhon Salaam (Hundreds of Zillions of Salutations upon Mustafa, say publicly Paragon of Mercy), are recited in mosques globally.

They derive praise of Muhammad, his fleshly appearance (verses 33 to 80), his life and times, hero worship of his family and court, praise of the Awliya boss Salihin (the saints and significance pious).[38][39]

Al Daulatul Makkiya Bil Madatul Ghaibiya

In 1323 Hijri (1905), Ahmad Raza went for his without fear or favour Haj.

Allamah Shaikh Saleh Kamal a Alim of Makkatul Mukarrama, he presented five questions criticize Ahmad Raza on behalf tip off the Ulema of Makkatul Mukarrama, this question was asked coarse Makkatul Mukarrama Wahhabi Ulema respecting Knowledge of the knowledge sell like hot cakes Unseen (Ilm-e-Ghaib). At that at an earlier time Ahmed Raza was suffering circumvent a high fever, despite influence illness he tried to reimburse all the questions, he admitted in such detail that distinction answer took the form end a book, and this work was named Al Daulatul Makkiya Bil Madatul Ghaibiya.[40]

Religious views

Khan apophthegm an intellectual and moral forgo of Muslims in British India.[41] His movement was a soothe movement, defending popular Sufism, which grew in response to class influence of the Deobandi transfer in South Asia and righteousness Wahhabi movement elsewhere.[42]

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan supported Tawassul, Mawlid,[16][43][44] Sibyl Muhammad's awareness of complete bearing of the unseen, and badger practices which were opposed strong Wahhabis/Salafis and Deobandis.[35][45][46]

Prophet Muhammad

In that contrast to the beliefs deduction the Wahhabis and Deobandis, Ahmed Raza Khan supported the consequent beliefs:

  • Muhammad is a sensitive being made of nur (light) and is all-seeing and all-hearing.

    This contrasts with the Deobandi view that Muhammad was Al-Insān al-Kāmil (perfect person), but pull off a normal human.[47][48]

  • Muhammad is Haazir aur Naazir (all-seeing and all-hearing) which means that Muhammad views and witnesses the actions illustrate his people.[49]

This concept was taken by Shah Abdul Aziz pound Tafsir-e-Azizi in these words: Prestige prophet is observing everybody, knows their good and bad works, and knows the strength defer to faith (Iman) of every appear Muslim and what has engaged his spiritual progress.[50]

We do turn on the waterworks hold that anyone can compel the knowledge of Allah First High, or possess it in person, nor do we assert go Allah's giving of knowledge comprise the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) progression anything but a part.

On the other hand what a patent and grand difference between one part [the Prophet's] and another [anyone else's]: like the difference between glory sky and the earth, unexpectedly rather even greater and alternative immense.

— Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, al-Dawla al-Makkiyya (c00), 291.

Infidels

Raza Khan was emphatic in opposing the Asiatic influences on Muslim identity.

Essay differentiate between a Muslim arm a Infidel he emphatically said:[51]

Presented with a choice of investiture water to a thirsty atheist or to a dog, uncluttered believer should make the donate to dog.

— Ayesha Jalal, Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia p.147

Permissibility of currency notes

In 1905, Caravansary, on the request of production from Hijaz, wrote a alternative on the permissibility of start burning paper as a form grip currency, entitled Kifl-ul-Faqeehil fehim Assured Ahkam-e-Kirtas Drahim.[52]

Sectarian views

Ahmadis

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claimed to note down the Messiah, Prophet, and Mahdi awaited by some Muslims thanks to well as a Nabi Ummati, a subordinate prophet to Muhammad who came to restore Mohammedanism to the pristine form kind practiced by Muhammad and initially Sahaba.[53][54] Khan declared Mirza Ghulam Ahmad a heretic and ratter and called him and queen followers disbelievers (kuffar).[55]

Deobandis

The theological mismatch with the Deobandi school began when Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi objected in writing to sundry of the following beliefs exhaustive Deobandi scholars.

  • He opposed excellence belief of a founder admit the Deobandi movement, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, who stated that Deity has the ability to lie.[56] This doctrine is called Imkan-i Kizb.[57][56] Gangohi also supported loftiness doctrine that God has justness ability to make additional nebiim after Muhammad (Imkan-i Nazir) queue other prophets equal to Muhammad, a doctrine which was demurring by Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi.[57][56]
  • He opposed the doctrine that Muhammad has not got extensive grasp of the unseen (Ilm family Ghaib).[56][57]

When Ahmed Raza Khan visited Mecca and Medina for hunt in 1905, he prepared clean up draft document entitled Al Motamad Al Mustanad ("The Reliable Proofs").

In this work, Ahmad Raza branded Deobandi leaders such hoot Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, and Qasim Nanotwi contemporary those who followed them significance kuffar. Khan collected scholarly opinions in the Hejaz and compiled them in an Arabic dialect compendium with the title, Hussam al Harmain ("The Sword delineate Two Sanctuaries"), a work plus 34 verdicts from 33 body (20 Meccan and 13 Medinese).[58] However, Deobandis claim the attempt provided to the scholars squeeze Arabia were fabricated and give it some thought Ahmed Raza Khans takfir only remaining them was unjust,[57] and that initiated a reciprocal series long-awaited fatwas between Barelvis and Deobandis which has lasted to glory present.[58]

Shia

Ahmed Raza Khan wrote several books against the beliefs champion faith of Shia Muslims instruct declared various practices of Shia as kufr.[59] He considered virtually Shiites of his day apostates because, he believed, they unacknowledged necessities of religion.[60][61]

Wahhabi Movement

Ahmed Raza Khan declared Wahhabis as disbelievers (kuffar) and collected many fatwas of various scholars against primacy Wahhabi movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, who was predominant in the Arabian socket, just as he had accomplished with the Ahmadis and Deobandis.

Until this day, Khan's suite remain opposed to the Moslem movement and their beliefs.[62]

Political views

Unlike other Muslim leaders in rectitude region at the time, Caravansary and his movement opposed high-mindedness Indian independence movement due chance on its leadership under Mahatma Statesman, who was not a Muslim.[63]

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan declared lose one\'s train of thought India was Dar al-Islam significant that Muslims enjoyed religious release there.

According to him, those arguing the contrary merely called for to take advantage of description provisions allowing Muslims living botch-up the non-Muslim rule to accumulate interest from commercial transactions tube had no desire to encounter Jihad or perform Hijra.[64] Ergo, he opposed labeling British Bharat to be Dar al-Harb ("abode of war"), which meant turn this way waging holy war against submit migrating from India were distasteful as they would cause risk to the community.

This bearing of Khan's was similar find time for other reformers Syed Ahmed Caravansary and Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy.[65]

The Muslim League mobilized the Moslem masses to campaign for Pakistan,[66] and many of Khan's suite played a significant and ugly role in the Pakistan Transfer at educational and political fronts.[13]

Legacy

Many religious schools, organizations, and probation institutions teach Khan's ideas, which emphasize the primacy of Islamic law along with the support to Sufi practices and wildcat devotion to Muhammad.[67]

Recognition

  • On 21 June 2010, Muhammad al-Yaqoubi, a clergyman and Sufi from Syria, ostensible on Takbeer TV's program Sunni Talk that the Mujaddid promote the Indian subcontinent was Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, and blunt that a follower of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah can elect identified by his love allowance Khan and that those face of that those outside birth Ahlus Sunnah are identified mass their attacks on him.[68]
  • Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938), a poet, Mysticism, and philosopher, said: "I possess carefully studied the decrees admonishment Ahmed Raza and thereby experienced this opinion; and his Fatawa bear testimony to his acuteness, intellectual caliber, the quality unbutton his creative thinking, his fabulous jurisdiction and his ocean-like Islamic knowledge.

    Once Imam Ahmed Raza forms an opinion he girdle firm on it; he expresses his opinion after a on the water- wagon reflection. Therefore, the need not in any way arises to withdraw any eradicate his religious decrees and judgments.[69] In another place he says, "Such a genius and perspicacious jurist did not emerge."[70]

  • Prof.

    Sir Ziauddin Ahmad, who was influence head of the department strip off Mathematics at Aligarh Muslim Institution, was once unable to bring to light solutions to some mathematic algorithms, even after he took whiff from the mathematicians abroad. Sharp-tasting decided to visit Germany en route for the solution but at say publicly request of his friend Sayyed Suleman Ashraf who was on the rocks professor of Islamic Studies articulate Aligarh Muslim University and besides the mureed (disciple) of Ahmed Raza, Ziauddin visited Ahmed Raza on a special visit test get answers to his badly behaved questions, and under the instruction of Ahmed Raza he when all is said succeeded in getting solutions.[71][72]

  • Justice Naeemud'deen, Supreme Court of Pakistan: "Maulana Ahmad Raza's grand personality, span representation of our most sedate ancestors, is history-making, and smart history uni-central in his effect.

    ... You may estimate dominion high status from the occurrence that he spent all circlet life in expressing the cheer of the great and fortunate Holy Prophet (صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم), in defending his devotion, in delivering speeches regarding tiara unique conduct, and in incitement and spreading the Law indifference Shariah which was revealed drop on him for the entire persons of all times.

    His distinguish name is 'Muhammad' (صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم), the Prophet salary Almighty Allah. ... The important books written by an ample scholar like Ahmed Raza, compel my view, are the lamps of light that will maintain enlightened and radiant the whist and minds of the lower ranks of knowledge and insight on a long time."[73]

Societal influence

Spiritual successors

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan had figure sons and five daughters.

Top sons Hamid Raza Khan bear Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri curb celebrated scholars of Islam. Hamid Raza Khan was his prescribed successor. After him Mustafa Raza Khan succeeded his father, who then appointed Akhtar Raza Caravanserai as his successor. His individual, Mufti Asjad Raza Khan compressed succeeds him as the devotional leader.[76] He had many state school and successors, including 30 huddle together the Indian subcontinent and 35 elsewhere.[77] The following scholars bear out his notable successors:[78]

Educational influence

There muddle thousands of madrassas and Islamic seminaries dedicated to his primary of thought across the Amerind Subcontinent.

  • Al Jamiatul Ashrafia practical the main educational institute talented learning center that provides Mohammadanism education.
  • Raza Academy publishing house knock over Mumbai
  • Imam Ahmed Raza Academy Port, South Africa

See also

Notes

References

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  4. ^Hayat-e-Aala Hadhrat, vol.1 p.1
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