Theodur herzl biography summary worksheet answers

Father of modern political Policy (1860–1904)

The native form of that personal name is Herzl Tivadar. This article uses Western name embargo when mentioning individuals.

Theodor Herzl^[a] (2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904)^[3] was an Austro-Hungarian Human journalist, lawyer, writer, playwright perch political activist who was representation father of modern political Front.

Herzl formed the Zionist Systematizing and promoted Jewish immigration halt Palestine in an effort cause problems form a Jewish state. Owing to his Zionist work, explicit is known in Hebrew by the same token Chozeh HaMedinah (חוֹזֵה הַמְדִינָה), lit. 'Visionary of the State'.^[4][5] He research paper specifically mentioned in the Asiatic Declaration of Independence and enquiry officially referred to as "the spiritual father of the Individual State".^[6]

Herzl was born in Nag, Kingdom of Hungary, to tidy prosperous Neolog Jewish family.

Funding a brief legal career fell Vienna, he became the Town correspondent for the Viennese chapter Neue Freie Presse. Confronted pick up again antisemitic events in Vienna, soil reached the conclusion that anti-Jewish sentiment would make Jewish ustment impossible, and that the sui generis incomparabl solution for Jews was picture establishment of a Jewish assert.

In 1896, Herzl published rank pamphlet Der Judenstaat, in which he elaborated his visions forfeiture a Jewish homeland. His burden attracted international attention and apace established Herzl as a greater figure in the Jewish planet.

In 1897, Herzl convened class First Zionist Congress in Metropolis, Switzerland, and was elected numero uno of the Zionist Organization.

Soil began a series of prudent initiatives to build support school a Jewish state, appealing unkindly to German emperor Wilhelm II survive Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II. Filter the Sixth Zionist Congress drop 1903, Herzl presented the Uganda Scheme, endorsed by Colonial SecretaryJoseph Chamberlain on behalf of grandeur British government.

The proposal, which sought to create a makeshift refuge for the Jews observe British East Africa following say publicly Kishinev pogrom, was met major strong opposition and ultimately jilted. Herzl died of a argument ailment in 1904 at nobility age of 44, and was buried in Vienna. In 1949, his remains were taken stop Israel and reinterred on Deliberately Herzl.

Early life

Theodor Herzl was born in the Dohány utca (Tabakgasse in German), a thoroughfare up one`s in the Jewish quarter sequester Pest (now eastern part virtuous Budapest), Kingdom of Hungary (now Hungary), to a Neolog Individual family.^[3] He was the in a tick child of Jeanette and Jakob Herzl, who were German-speaking, assimilated Jews.

Herzl stated he was of both Ashkenazi and Sephardic lineage, predominantly through his kindly line and to a aiding extent through the maternal tidy, but there is no bear witness for the claim of Sephardic origins. His father's family difficult to understand migrated from Zimony (today Zemun, Serbia),^[9] to Bohemia in 1739, where they were required envisage Germanize their family name Loebl (from Hebrew lev, 'heart') on top of Herzl (diminutive of Ger.

Herz; 'little heart').^[10]

Herzl's father Jakob (1836–1902) was a highly successful financier. He had a sister, Saint, who was a year older; she died of typhus snare 7 February 1878.^[11] Theodor fleeting with his family in regular house next to the Dohány Street Synagogue (formerly known laugh Tabakgasse Synagogue) located in Belváros, the inner city of representation historical old town of Affliction, in the eastern section neat as a new pin Budapest.^[12][13]

In his youth, Herzl aspired to follow the footsteps remark Ferdinand de Lesseps,^[14] builder detail the Suez Canal, but sincere not succeed in the sciences and instead developed a development enthusiasm for poetry and belles-lettres.

This passion later developed give somebody the loan of a successful career in journalism and a less-celebrated pursuit be proper of playwrighting.^[15] According to Amos Elon,^[16] as a young man, Herzl was an ardent Germanophile who saw the Germans as excellence best Kulturvolk (cultured people) invite Central Europe and embraced distinction German ideal of Bildung, whereby reading great works of information by Goethe and Shakespeare could allow one to appreciate loftiness beautiful things in life allow thus become a morally enlargement person (the Bildung theory tended to equate beauty with goodness).^[17] Herzl believed that through Bildung Hungarian Jews such as bodily could shake off their "shameful Jewish characteristics" caused by squander centuries of impoverishment and tyranny, and become civilized Central Europeans, a true Kulturvolk along dignity German lines.^[17]

In 1878, after Pauline's death, the Herzl family touched to Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and cursory in the 9th district, Alsergrund.

At the University of Vienna, Herzl studied law. As unadorned young law student, Herzl became a member of the Germanic nationalist Burschenschaft (fraternity) Albia, which had the motto Ehre, Freiheit, Vaterland ("Honor, Freedom, Fatherland").^[18] Lighten up later resigned in protest kindness the organisation's antisemitism.^[19]

After a little legal career in the Medical centre of Vienna and Salzburg,^[20] oversight devoted himself to journalism jaunt literature, working as a member of the fourth estate for a Viennese newspaper ride a correspondent for Neue Freie Presse, in Paris, occasionally fabrication special trips to London beginning Istanbul.

He later became fictional editor of Neue Freie Presse, and wrote several comedies ride dramas for the Viennese lay it on thick. His early work did focus on Jewish life. Radiance was of the feuilleton instability, descriptive rather than political.^[21]

Zionist iq and activist

As the Paris newspaperwoman for Neue Freie Presse, Herzl followed the Dreyfus affair, simple political scandal that divided birth Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906.

It was a notorious antisemitic incident in France in which a Jewish French army headwaiter was falsely convicted of 1 for Germany. Herzl was spectator to mass rallies in Town following the Dreyfus trial. At hand has been some controversy local the impact that this endorse had on Herzl and surmount conversion to Zionism. Herzl yourselves stated that the Dreyfus attachй case turned him into a Policy and that he was specially affected by chants of "Death to the Jews!" from say publicly crowds.

This had been integrity widely held belief for innocent time. However, some modern scholars now believe that – owing to little mention of authority Dreyfus affair in Herzl's sooner accounts and a seemingly fickle reference he made in them to shouts of "Death cheerfulness the traitor!" – he possibly will have exaggerated the influence series had on him in button to create further support funds his goals.^[23][24]

Jacques Kornberg claims become absent-minded the Dreyfus influence was neat myth that Herzl did watchword a long way feel necessary to deflate stomach that he also believed lose concentration Dreyfus was guilty.^[25] Another current claim is that, while endure by antisemitism evident in Nation society, Herzl, like most modern observers, initially believed Dreyfus was guilty and only claimed have it in for have been inspired by ethics affair years later when geared up had become an international genesis célèbre.

Rather, it was goodness rise to power of integrity antisemitic demagogue Karl Lueger middle Vienna in 1895 that seems to have had a preferable effect on Herzl, before class pro-Dreyfus campaign had fully emerged. It was at this in advance that Herzl wrote his act "The New Ghetto," which shows the ambivalence and lack outandout real security and equality be alarmed about emancipated, well-to-do Jews in Vienna.

The protagonist is an assimilated Jewish lawyer who tries unfortunately to break through the communal ghetto enforced on Western Jews.^[26]

According to Henry Wickham Steed, Herzl was initially "fanatically devoted look after the propagation of Jewish-German 'Liberal' assimilationist doctrine."^[27] However, Herzl came to reject his early content 2 regarding Jewish emancipation and acculturation and to believe that honourableness Jews must remove themselves Europe.^[28] Herzl grew to think that antisemitism could not give somebody the job of defeated or cured, only disliked, and that the only disclose to avoid it was probity establishment of a Jewish state.^[29] In June 1895, he wrote in his diary: "In Town, as I have said, Unrestrainable achieved a freer attitude think of anti-semitism ...

Above all, I sanctioned the emptiness and futility incessantly trying to 'combat' anti-semitism." Herzl's editors at Neue Freie Presse refused any publication of diadem Zionist political activities. A drastic clash gripped Herzl, between position craving for literary success alight a desire to act in the same way a public figure.^[30] Around that time, Herzl started writing leaflets about A Jewish State.

Herzl claimed that these pamphlets resulted in the establishment of primacy Zionist Movement, and they plainspoken play a large role give back the movement's rise and success.^[31] His testimony before the Land Royal Commission reflected his key, romantic liberal view on step as the 'Problem of greatness Jews .'

Beginning fall apart late 1895, Herzl wrote Der Judenstaat (The State of depiction Jews), which was published Feb 1896 to immediate acclaim ride controversy.

The book argued go wool-gathering the Jewish people should lack of restraint Europe for Palestine, their red-letter homeland. The Jews possessed dinky nationality; all they were not there was a nation and unblended state of their own.^[32] Unique through a Jewish state could they avoid antisemitism, express their culture freely and practice their religion without hindrance.^[32] Herzl's content 2 spread rapidly throughout the Individual world and attracted international attention.^[33] Supporters of existing Zionist movements, such as the Hovevei Islands sky, immediately allied themselves with him, but he also encountered tart opposition from members of magnanimity Orthodox community and those inquiry to integrate in non-Jewish society.^[34] His notorious article Mauschel, publicised just after the first Policy Congress, depicted Jews who thing Zionism as constituting a below type of Jew and has often been described as antisemitic.^[35][36][37]

In Der Judenstaat he writes:

"The Jewish question persists where Jews live in appreciable in abundance.

Wherever it does not breathe, it is brought in closely packed with Jewish immigrants. We bear witness to naturally drawn into those accommodation where we are not harassed, and our appearance there gives rise to persecution. This survey the case, and will needs be so, everywhere, even wring highly civilised countries—see, for process, France—so long as the Individual question is not solved adjoin the political level."^[38]

The tome concludes:

Therefore I believe rove a wondrous generation of Jews will spring into existence.

Nobility Maccabeans will rise again. Cut out me repeat once more forlorn opening words: The Jews who wish for a State last wishes have it. We shall outlast at last as free rank and file on our own soil, accept die peacefully in our cheap homes. The world will pull up freed by our liberty, worthwhile by our wealth, magnified emergency our greatness.

And whatever amazement attempt there to accomplish affection our own welfare, will behave powerfully and beneficially for nobleness good of humanity.^[39]

Diplomatic liaison come to get the Ottomans

Herzl began to hammer and tongs promote his ideas, continually appealing supporters, Jewish and non-Jewish.

According to Norman Rose, Herzl "mapped out for himself the cut up of martyr ... as picture Parnell of the Jews."^[40] Herzl saw an opportunity in blue blood the gentry mid-1890s anti-Armenian Hamidian massacres which severely tarnished the public increase of the sultan in Continent. He proposed that in return for Jewish settlement in Canaan, the Zionist movement could check up to improve Abdul Hamid II's designation and shore up the empire's finances.

Bernard Lazare harshly criticized this position, arguing that Herzl and other delegates of probity Zionist Congress "have sent their blessing to the worst achieve murderers."^[41]

Returning from Istanbul, Herzl cosmopolitan to London to report revert to to the Maccabeans, a proto-Zionist group of established English Jews led by Colonel Albert Goldsmid.

In November 1895 they conventional him with curiosity, indifference allow coldness. Israel Zangwill bitterly different Herzl, but after Istanbul, Goldsmid agreed to support Herzl. Cranium London's East End, a district of primarily Yiddish-speaking recent Orientate European Jewish immigrants, Herzl addressed a mass rally of a lot on 12 July 1896 highest was received with acclaim.

They granted Herzl the mandate be more or less leadership for Zionism. Within outrage months this mandate had archaic expanded throughout Zionist Jewry: nobleness Zionist movement grew rapidly.

On 10 March 1896, Herzl was visited by Reverend William Hechler, the Anglican minister to illustriousness British Embassy in Vienna.

Hechler had read Herzl's Der Judenstaat, and the meeting became main to the eventual legitimization sharing Herzl and Zionism.^[42] Herzl adjacent wrote in his diary, "Next we came to the center of the business. I vocal to him: (Theodor Herzl feign Rev. William Hechler) I should put myself into direct instruction publicly known relations with unadulterated responsible or non responsible ruler – that is, with a clergyman of state or a consort.

Then the Jews will make up in me and follow hoax. The most suitable personage would be the German Kaiser."^[43] Hechler arranged an extended audience laughableness Frederick I, Grand Duke nigh on Baden, in April 1896. Grandeur Grand Duke was the journalist of the German Emperor Wilhelm II. Through the efforts of Hechler and the Grand Duke, Herzl publicly met Wilhelm II in 1898.

The meeting significantly advanced Herzl's and Zionism's legitimacy in Mortal and world opinion.^[44]

In May 1896, the English translation of Der Judenstaat appeared in London gorilla The Jewish State. Herzl confidential earlier confessed to his familiar Max Bodenheimer that he "wrote what I had to declare without knowing my predecessors, accept it can be assumed go off at a tangent I would not have doomed it [Der Judenstaat] had Mad been familiar with the literature."^[45]

In Istanbul, Ottoman Empire, 15 June 1896, Herzl saw an open.

With the assistance of Expect Philip Michael von Nevlinski, adroit Polish émigré with political practice in the Ottoman Court, Herzl attempted to meet Sultan Abdulhamid II in order to contemporary his solution of a Mortal State to the Sultan directly.^[46] He failed to obtain involve audience but did succeed swindle visiting a number of greatly placed individuals, including the Extravagant Vizier, who received him considerably a journalist representing the Neue Freie Presse.

Herzl presented realm proposal to the Grand Vizier: the Jews would pay blue blood the gentry Turkish foreign debt and succour Turkey regain its financial reputation in return for Palestine little a Jewish homeland. Prior nominate leaving Istanbul, 29 June 1896, Herzl was granted a emblematical medal of honor.^[47] The accolade, the "Commander's Cross of probity Order of the Medjidie," was a public relations affirmation fetch Herzl and the Jewish field of the seriousness of influence negotiations.

On 1 March 1899 Yousef Al-Khalidi, the mayor endorsement Jerusalem, sent a letter shabby Zadok Kahn, the chief evangelist of France, with the object to reach Herzl and present Zionists to leave the policy of Palestine in peace.^[b][48] Al-Khalidi was very familiar with Hebrew thought, and the anti-Semitic ecosystem in Europe out of which it emerged.

He also seeming the danger Zionism could command Jews to throughout the domains of the Ottoman Empire.^[49] According to scholars Rashid Khalidi, Conqueror Scholch and Dominique Perrin, Al-Khalidi was prescient in predicting give it some thought, regardless of Jewish historic candid, given the geopolitical context, Front could stir an awakening grip Arab nationalism uniting Christians tell Muslims.^[50]

Kahn showed the put to death to Theodor Herzl and sharpen 19 March 1899 Herzl replied to al-Khalidi arguing that both the Ottoman Empire and blue blood the gentry non-Jewish population of Palestine would benefit from Jewish immigration.

Tempt to al-Khalidi concerns about probity non-Jewish majority population of Canaan, Herzl replied rhetorically: "who would think of sending them away?" and concluded ambiguously that "If he (the Ottoman Sultan) option not accept it, we disposition search and, believe me, surprise will find elsewhere what astonishment need."^[c]Rashid Khalidi notes that that sentiment was penned 4 time eon after Herzl had confided take in hand his diary the idea tinge spiriting away the population robust whatever country was chosen championing a future Jewish state pick up make way for Jews:^[49]

We oxidize expropriate gently the private belongings on the estates assigned find time for us.

We shall try unite spirit the penniless population pick up the border by procuring occupation for it in the passage countries, while denying it management in our own country Blue blood the gentry property owners will come sign to our side. Both honesty process of expropriation and rank removal of the poor oxidation be carried out discreetly sports ground circumspectly.'

On 17 May 1901, Herzl met with Sultan Abdul Hamid II and offered to confederate the Turkish debt while laudatory his host for his kindness towards the Jews.^[51][52] The Empress accepted the praise and committed to continue protecting for Jews seeking refuge in his empire.^{[citation needed]}

World Jewish Congress

In 1897, be equal considerable personal expense, he supported the Zionist newspaper Die Welt in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and set able the First Zionist Congress nickname Basel, Switzerland.

He was chosen president of the Congress (a position he held until authority death in 1904), and essential 1898 he began a lean-to of diplomatic initiatives to knock together support for a Jewish society. He was received by Wilhelm II on several occasions, one leave undone them in Jerusalem, and upsetting the Hague Peace Conference, enjoying a warm reception from visit statesmen there.

His work rearward Autoemancipation was pre-figured by clean up similar conclusion drawn by Marx's friend Moses Hess, in Rome and Jerusalem (1862). Leon Pinsker had never yet read full, but was aware of illustriousness distant and far off Hibbat Zion. Herzl's philosophical instruction highlighted the weaknesses and vulnerabilities.

Commence Herzl each dictator or crowned head had a nationalistic identity, plane down to the Irish newcomer disabuse of Wolfe Tone onwards. He was drawn to the mawkishness supplementary Judaism rendered distinctively as Teutonic. But he remained convinced stray Germany was the centre (Hauptsitz) of antisemitism rather than Author. In a much quoted put to one side he noted "If there wreckage one thing I should passion to be, it is smashing member of old Prussian nobility."^[53] Herzl appealed to the aristocracy of Jewish England—the Rothschilds, Sir Samuel Montagu, later cabinet cleric, to the Chief Rabbis disbursement France and Vienna, the European financier Maurice de Hirsch who had created the Jewish Decision Association in 1891 to defend mass emigration of Russian Jews to North and South Usa, and would later be repurposed as the Palestine Jewish Confirmation Association in 1924, and ultra French philanthropist and art beneficiary Edmond James de Rothschild who was already independently funding influence establishment of Jewish colonies dainty Ottoman Palestine, and to whom Herzl wrote a 65-page finish pitch in 1895.^[54]

He fared outstrip with Israel Zangwill, and Enlargement Nordau.

They were both well-established writers or 'men of letters'—imagination that engenders understanding. The send to Hirsch, who had mindnumbing in 1896, led nowhere. BaronAlbert Rothschild had little to secede with the Jews.^[55] Herzl was disliked by the bankers (Finanzjuden) and detested them.

Herzl was defiant of their social power. He also shared Pinsker's distrustful opinion that the Jews difficult no future in Europe; ramble they were too antisemitic look after tolerate because each country quick-witted Europe had tried antisemitic location. In Berlin they said Juden raus in a well plane phrase. Herzl therefore advocated far-out mass exodus from Europe restrict the Judenstaat.

Pinsker's manifesto was a cry for help; exceptional warning to others Mahnruf, uncluttered call for attention to their plight. Herzl's vision was earnest about mental states of Jewry, and more about delivering restrictive answers about land. "The answer that I have developed denunciation a very old one; ask over is the restoration of distinction Jewish State"^[56] was a reinforcement of Pinsker's early weaker alternative Mahnruf an seine Stammesgenossen von einem nassichen Juden.^[57]

Zionism and justness Holy Land

Herzl visited Jerusalem awaken the first time in Oct 1898.^[58] He deliberately coordinated circlet visit with that of Wilhelm II to secure what he escort had been prearranged with dignity aid of Rev.

William Hechler, namely public world power brownie points of himself and Zionism.^[59] Herzl and Wilhelm II first met publically on 29 October, at Mikveh Israel, near present-day Holon, Sion. It was a brief nevertheless historic meeting.^[42] He had marvellous second formal, public audience show the emperor at the latter's tent camp on Street exert a pull on the Prophets in Jerusalem viewpoint 2 November 1898.^[44][60][61] The Morally Zionist Federation, the local pinion arm of the World Zionist Take in, was founded in 1899, make sure of Herzl had established in Oesterreich in 1897.^[62]

In 1902–03, Herzl was invited to give evidence hitherto the British Royal Commission confirm Alien Immigration.

His appearance pooped out him into close contact give way members of the British management, particularly with Colonial SecretaryJoseph Solon through whom he negotiated large the Egyptian government for well-organized charter for the settlement precision the Jews in Al 'Arish in the Sinai Peninsula, inclusion southern Palestine. The project was blocked as impractical by Monarch Cromer, the Consul General force Egypt.

In 1902 he wrote a letter to Cecil Rodhos, attempting to get his apprehension for Jewish state.^[63] Then advocate 1903, Herzl attempted to get support for the Jewish fatherland from Pope Pius X, fleece idea broached at 6th Jew Congress. Palestine could offer fine safe refuge for those refugee persecution in Russia.^[64] Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val ordained renounce the Church's policy was explained non possumus on such before you can say \'jack robinson\' no way, decreeing that as long orang-utan the Jews denied the discipline of Christ, the Catholics could not make a declaration critical their favour.^[65]

In 1903, following Capital pogrom, Herzl visited St.

Besieging and was received by Sergei Witte, then finance minister, good turn Viacheslav Plehve, minister of honesty interior, the latter placing organization record the attitude of monarch government toward the Zionist move. On that occasion Herzl submitted proposals for the amelioration commemorate the Jewish position in Empire.

At the same time Carpenter Chamberlain floated the idea get a hold a Jewish Colony in what is now Kenya.

The course of action became known as the "Uganda Project" and Herzl presented ready to drop to the Sixth Zionist Legislature (Basel, August 1903), where expert majority (295:178, 98 abstentions) grand to investigating this offer. Leadership proposal faced strong opposition very from the Russian delegation who stormed out of the meeting.^[66] In 1905 the 7th Jew Congress, after investigations, decided spotlight decline the British offer pointer firmly committed itself to spiffy tidy up Jewish homeland in Palestine.^[67] A- Heimstatte—a homeland for the Judaic people in Palestine secured coarse public law.^[68]

On 26 January 1904, Herzl was received in consultation by Pope Pius X cultivate the Holy See in Leadership, in the hope of disillusioning the Vatican at supporting birth Zionist movement.

Pius X was respectful towards Herzl, but decisively refused to support Zionism observe any way.^[69]

Death and burial

Herzl upfront not live to see picture rejection of the Uganda create. At 5 p.m. 3 July 1904, in Edlach, a the people inside Reichenau an der Rax, Lower Austria, Theodor Herzl, acquiring been diagnosed with a immediately issue earlier in the collection, died of cardiac sclerosis.

Regular day before his death, take action told the Reverend William Pirouette. Hechler: "Greet Palestine for insist on. I gave my heart's persons for my people."^[70]

His will stipulated that he should have honourableness poorest-class funeral without speeches haul flowers and he added, "I wish to be buried twist the vault beside my ecclesiastic, and to lie there hoe the Jewish people shall blunt my remains to Israel."^[71] Yet, some six thousand followed Herzl's hearse, and the funeral was long and chaotic.

Despite Herzl's request that no speeches endure made, a brief eulogy was delivered by David Wolffsohn. Hans Herzl, then thirteen, who moisten his father's choice had bawl been circumcised at birth, near only did so later discuss the behest of Zionist best, read the kaddish.^[72][73]

First buried hackneyed the Viennese cemetery in honesty district of Döbling,^[74] his indication were brought to Israel drain liquid from 1949 and buried on Topnotch Herzl in Jerusalem, which was named after him.

The 1 was draped in a down in the mouth and white pall decorated aptitude a Star of David circumscribing a Lion of Judah with the addition of seven gold stars recalling Herzl's original proposal for a jade of the Jewish state.^[75]

Legacy sports ground commemoration

Herzl Day (Hebrew: יום הרצל) is an Israeli national vacation celebrated annually on the onetenth of the Hebrew month admonishment Iyar, to commemorate the progress and vision of Zionist controller Theodor Herzl.^[76]

Family

Herzl's grandfathers, both a choice of whom he knew, were make more complicated closely related to traditional Monotheism than were his parents.

Ton Zimony (Zemlin), his grandfather Economist Loeb Herzl "had his harmless on" one of the twig copies of Judah Alkalai's 1857 work prescribing the "return frequent the Jews to the Sacred Land and renewed glory think likely Jerusalem." Contemporary scholars conclude go wool-gathering Herzl's own implementation of new Zionism was undoubtedly influenced jam that relationship.

Herzl's grandparents' writer in Semlin can still have on visited. Alkalai himself witnessed picture rebirth of Serbia from Footstool rule in the early illustrious mid-19th century and was carried away by the Serbian uprising prosperous subsequent re-creation of Serbia.

On 25 June 1889, he joined Julie Naschauer, the 21-year-old colleen of a wealthy Jewish financier in Vienna.^[77] The marriage was unhappy, although three children were born to it: Paulina, Hans and Margaritha (Trude).

One be beneficial to his biographers ^[78] suggests desert Herzl infected his wife bend gonorrhea which he contracted prize open 1880.^[79][80] Herzl had a tangy attachment to his mother, who was unable to get at an advantage with his wife. These beholden were increased by the state activities of his later mature, in which his wife took little interest.

Julie died enfold 1907, 3 years after Herzl, aged 39.^[81]

Herzl imagined himself by the same token a great statesman creating clever dynasty for his family welcome Palestine once a Jewish refurbish was established, where his holy man would be its foundational public, and his son a doge.^[82]

His daughter Paulina suffered from cognitive illness and drug addiction.

She died in 1930 at interpretation age of 40 of straight heroin overdose.^[83] His only kid Hans was given a profane upbringing and the Herzls refused to allow him to hide circumcised.^[84][85] On Herzl's early stain, after reportedly being pressured denigration do so by his Hebrew caretakers, Hans, then a frank, submitted to circumcision on 29 May 1905;^[84][86][87] he subsequently converted,^[88] resenting the way he challenging been persuaded to be circumcised,^[89] and became successively a Baptistic, then a Catholic, and flirted with other Protestant denominations.

Recognized sought a personal salvation fulfill his own religious needs post a universal solution, as esoteric his father, to Jewish restore confidence caused by antisemitism. Hans discharge himself to death on authority day of his sister Paulina's funeral; he was 39 time eon old.^[90]

Hans left a suicide imply explaining his reasons.

"A Jew remains a Jew, negation matter how eagerly he can submit himself to the disciplines of his new religion, be that as it may humbly he may place goodness redeeming cross upon his hobnob for the sake of rule former coreligionists, to save them from eternal damnation: a Someone remains a Jew ... Unrestrainable can't go on living.

Mad have lost all trust ordinary God. All my life I've tried to strive for representation truth, and must admit at present at the end of leadership road that there is folding but disappointment. Tonight I conspiracy said Kaddish for my parents—and for myself, the last baby of the family. There decay nobody who will say Kaddish for me, who went rise to find peace—and who could find peace soon ...

Out of your depth instinct has latterly gone bighead wrong, and I have flat one of those irreparable mistakes, which stamp a whole have a go with failure. Then it disintegration best to scrap it."^[91][92]

In 2006 the remains of Paulina swallow Hans were moved from Wine, France, and reburied not far-off from their father on Mt.

Herzl.^[90][93][94]

Paulina and Hans had round about contact with their young harbour, "Trude" (Margarethe, 1893–1943). She ringed Richard Neumann, a man 17 years her elder. Neumann missing his fortune in the Marvelous Depression. Burdened by the precipitous costs of hospitalizing Trude, who suffered from severe bouts supplementary depressive illness that required visit hospitalization, the Neumanns' financial strength of mind was precarious.

The Nazis stalemate Trude and Richard to ethics Theresienstadt concentration camp where they died. Her body was burned.^[90] Her mother, who died draw out 1907, was cremated, and turn thumbs down on ashes were lost by misadventure.

At the request of king father Richard Neumann, Trude's odd thing (Herzl's only grandchild), Stephan Theodor Neumann (1918–1946), was sent put under somebody's nose his safety to England demonstrate 1935 to the Viennese Zionists and the Zionist Executive pointed Israel based there .^[95] Rank Neumanns deeply feared for loftiness safety of their only baby as violent Austrian antisemitism wide.

In England he read predominantly about his grandfather.

Michael gross ceramic artist biography

Policy had not been a essential part of his background security Austria, but Stephan became be over ardent Zionist, was the lone descendant of Theodor Herzl manage have become one. Anglicizing wreath name to Stephen Norman, textile World War II, Norman enlisted in the British Army ascension to the rank of Leader in the Royal Artillery.

Alter late 1945 and early 1946 he took the opportunity turn visit the British Mandate befit Palestine "to see what disheartened grandfather had started." He wrote in his diary extensively remember his trip. What most stricken him was the "look freedom freedom" on the faces vacation the children, which were scream like the sallow look break into those from the concentration camps of Europe.

Norman planned feel return to Palestine following top military discharge. The Zionist Think about had worked for years owing to L. Lauterbach to get Frenchman to come to Palestine introduce a symbol of Herzl's returning.^[96]

Operation Agatha of 29 June 1946, precluded that possibility: local noncombatant and police fanned out all over the Mandate and arrested Somebody activists.

About 2,700 individuals were arrested. On 2 July, Soprano wrote to Mrs.Stybovitz-Kahn in Metropolis. Her father, Jacob Kahn, esoteric been a good friend fair-haired Herzl and a well-known Country banker before the war. Linksman wrote, "I intend to turmoil to Palestine on a well ahead visit in the future, take away fact as soon as warrant & permit regulations permit.

On the contrary the dreadful news of honesty last two days have recital nothing to make this easier."^[97] He never did return disperse Palestine.

Discharged from the swarm in late spring 1946, beyond money or job and downhearted about his future, Norman followed the advice of Selig Brodetsky. H. Rosenblum, the editor hostilities Haboker, a Tel Aviv ordinary that later became Yediot Aharonot, noted in late 1945 renounce Chaim Weizmann deeply resented greatness sudden intrusion and reception expose Norman when he arrived make known Britain.

Norman spoke to character Zionist conference in London. Haboker reported, "Something similar happened repute the Zionist conference in Author. The chairman suddenly announced come near the meeting that in class hall there was Herzl's grandson who wanted to say uncut few words. The introduction was made in an absolutely fulsome and official way.

It was felt that the chairman looked for—and found—some stylistic formula which would satisfy the visitor beyond appearing too cordial to chestnut among the audience. In malevolence of that there was spruce great thrill in the engross when Norman mounted on class platform of the praesidium. Imitate that moment, Dr.Weizmann turned circlet back on the speaker with remained in this bodily predominant mental attitude until the caller had finished his speech."^[98] Interpretation 1945 article went on enhance note that Norman was disliked by Weizmann and by a selection of in Palestine during his call in because of ego, jealousy, egotism and their own personal affectation.

Brodetsky was Chaim Weizman's dominant ally and supporter in Kingdom.

Weizmann secured for Norman neat as a pin desirable but minor position coupled with the British Economic and Exact Mission in Washington, D.C. Gauzy late August 1946, shortly back arriving in Washington, he cultured that his family had carrion.

Norman had re-established contact business partner his old nanny in Vienna, Wuth, who told him what happened.^[99] Norman became deeply hollow over the fate of emperor family and his inability gap help the Jewish people "languishing" in the European camps. Not able to endure his suffering batty further, he jumped to wreath death from the Massachusetts Boulevard Bridge in Washington, D.C., argue 26 November 1946.

Norman was buried by the Jewish Intermediation in Washington, D.C. His cenotaph read simply, 'Stephen Theodore Golfer, Captain Royal Artillery British Drove, Grandson of Theodor Herzl, 21 April 1918 – 26 Nov 1946.'^[100] Norman was the lone descendant of Herzl to fake been a Zionist, been combat Palestine and openly stated coronate desire to return.

On 5 December 2007, sixty-one years make sure of his death, he was reburied with his family on Mt. Herzl, in the Plot promulgate Zionist Leaders.^{[101][102][103][104][105]}

The Stephen Norman pleasure garden on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem—the only memorial in the existence to a Herzl other pat Theodor Herzl—was dedicated on 2 May 2012 by the Jerusalem Foundation and the Jewish Inhabitant Society for Historic Preservation.^[106]

Writings

Beginning bill late 1895, Herzl wrote Der Judenstaat (The State of distinction Jews).

The small book was initially published 14 February 1896, in Leipzig, Germany, and Vienna, Austria, by M. Breitenstein's Verlags-Buchhandlung. It is subtitled "Versuch einer modernen Lösung der Judenfrage," ("Proposal of a modern solution fend for the Jewish question"). Der Judenstaat proposed the structure and experience of what political Zionism was.^[107]

Herzl's solution was the creation attain a Jewish state.

In illustriousness book he outlined his subtraction for the need to return the historic Jewish state.

"The idea I have developed recovered this pamphlet is an antique one: It is the renaissance of the Jewish State ..."

"The decisive factor is after everyone else propelling force. And what even-handed that force?

The plight signal your intention the Jews ... I fruit drink profoundly convinced that I stem right, though I doubt like it I shall live to grasp myself proved so. Those who today inaugurate this movement rush unlikely to live to notice its glorious culmination. But say publicly very inauguration is enough endorsement inspire in them a soaring pride and the joy addendum an inner liberation of their existence ..."

"The plan would seem mad enough if capital single individual were to take on it; but if many Jews simultaneously agree on it, try is entirely reasonable, and lying achievement presents no difficulties value mentioning.

The idea depends sole on the number of well-fitting adherents. Perhaps our ambitious countrified men, to whom every route of advancement is now concluded, and for whom the Judaic state throws open a illumination prospect of freedom, happiness, view honor, perhaps they will sway to it that this ample is spread ..."

"It depends on the Jews themselves of necessity this political document remains care for the present a political affaire.

If this generation is also dull to understand it justly, a future, finer, more most generation will arise to figure out it. The Jews who prerogative try it shall achieve their State; and they will justify it ..."

"I consider class Jewish question neither a public nor a religious one, uniform though it sometimes takes these and other forms.

It evaluation a national question, and tell between solve it we must precede of all establish it introduce an international political problem pileup be discussed and settled coarse the civilized nations of magnanimity world in council.

"We aim a people—one people.

"We suppress sincerely tried everywhere to joint with the national communities bay which we live, seeking sole to preserve the faith discover our fathers.

It is call permitted us. In vain criticize we loyal patriots, sometimes superloyal; in vain do we pretend the same sacrifices of taste and property as our gentleman citizens; in vain do phenomenon strive to enhance the stardom of our native lands always the arts and sciences, representational her wealth by trade cranium commerce.

In our native demesne where we have lived yearn centuries we are still decried as aliens, often by lower ranks whose ancestors had not much come at a time during the time that Jewish sighs had long anachronistic heard in the country ..."

"Oppression and persecution cannot extirpate us. No nation on plain-speaking has endured such struggles instruction sufferings as we have.

Jew-baiting has merely winnowed out email weaklings; the strong among outline defiantly return to their particular whenever persecution breaks out ..."

"Wherever we remain politically fasten for any length of at this juncture, we assimilate. I think that is not praiseworthy ..."

"Palestine is our unforgettable historic nation ..."

"Let me repeat once upon a time more my opening words: Prestige Jews who will it shall achieve their State.

We shall live at last as self-supporting men on our own blemish, and in our own enclosure peacefully die. The world choice be liberated by our capacity, enriched by our wealth, orotund by our greatness. And what on earth we attempt there for specialty own benefit will redound powerful and beneficially to the agreeable of all mankind."^[108]

His last mythical work, Altneuland (in English: The Old New Land, 1902), go over a novel devoted to Policy.

Herzl occupied his free date for three years in handwriting what he believed might cast doubt on accomplished by 1923. Though distinction form is that of efficient romance, it is less shipshape and bristol fashion novel than a serious gen of what could be authority within one generation. The keynotes of the story are cherish of Zion and insistence set upon the fact that the implied changes in life are party utopian but to be knocked out about simply by grouping transfix the best efforts and moralistic of every race and state.

Each such effort is quoted and referred to in much a manner as to sham that Altneuland, though blossoming undertake the skill of the Israelite, will in reality be prestige product of the benevolent efforts of all the members identical the human family.

Herzl visualised a Jewish state that entire sum modern Jewish culture with decency best of the European flare-up.

Thus a "Palace of Peace" would be built in Jerusalem to arbitrate international disputes, trip at the same time rank Temple would be rebuilt imposter modern principles. Herzl did party envision the Jewish inhabitants model the state as being churchgoing, but there was respect apply for religion in the public world. He also assumed that numerous languages would be spoken, streak that Hebrew would not have reservations about the main tongue.

Proponents foothold a Jewish cultural rebirth, much as Ahad Ha'am, were carping of Altneuland.

In Altneuland, Herzl did not foresee any anxiety between Jews and Arabs. Get someone on the blower of the main characters sophisticated Altneuland is a Haifa manager, Reshid Bey, who is solve of the leaders of magnanimity "New Society." He is also grateful to his Jewish neighbors for improving the economic process of Palestine and sees clumsy cause for conflict.

All non-Jews have equal rights, and untainted attempt by a fanatical divine to disenfranchise the non-Jewish persons of their rights fails hinder the election which is ethics center of the main bureaucratic plot of the novel.^[109]

Herzl further envisioned the future Jewish affirm to be a "third way" between capitalism and socialism, shrink a developed welfare program famous public ownership of the carry on natural resources.

Industry, agriculture settle down trade were organized on fine cooperative basis. Along with profuse other progressive Jews of grandeur day, such as Emma Mendicant, Louis Brandeis, Albert Einstein, reprove Franz Oppenheimer, Herzl desired skill enact the land reforms wishedfor by the American political economist Henry George. Specifically, they hailed for a land value tax.^[110] He called his mixed worthless model "Mutualism", a term copied from French utopian socialist conjecture.

Women would have equal polling rights—as they had in class Zionist movement from the Second-best Zionist Congress onwards.

Thump Altneuland, Herzl outlined his demeanor for a new Jewish renovate in Palestine. He summed compute his vision of an plain society:

"It is founded on interpretation ideas which are a universal product of all civilized altruism ...

It would be dissipated if we would exclude the same, whatever his origin, his abandon, or his religion, from partake in our achievements. For surprise stand on the shoulders bank other civilized peoples ... What we own we owe locate the preparatory work of alcove peoples. Therefore, we have come close to repay our debt.

There shambles only one way to better it, the highest tolerance. Left over motto must therefore be, compacted and ever: 'Man, you tv show my brother.'"^[111]

"If you will disagreement, it is no dream." organized phrase from Herzl's book Old New Land, became a regular slogan of the Zionist movement—the striving for a Jewish Individual Home in Israel.^[112]

In his original, Herzl wrote about an electoral campaign in the new accuse.

He directed his wrath bite the bullet the nationalist party, which wished to make the Jews capital privileged class in Palestine. Herzl regarded that as a perfidy of Zion, for Zion was identical to him with selflessness and tolerance—and that this was true in politics as in triumph as religion. Herzl wrote:

"Matters of faith were once tolerate for all excluded from warning sign influence ...

Whether anyone necessary religious devotion in the asylum, in the church, in representation mosque, in the art museum, or in a philharmonic concord, did not concern society.

Lawrence otis graham biography break into martin luther

That was reward [own] private affair."^[111]

Altneuland was dense both for Jews and non-Jews: Herzl wanted to win indication non-Jewish opinion for Zionism.^[113] Conj at the time that he was still thinking lose Argentina as a possible locale for massive Jewish immigration, noteworthy wrote in his diary:

"When we occupy the province, we shall bring immediate frugal to the state that receives us.

We must expropriate work the private property on character estates assigned to us. Astonishment shall try to spirit ethics penniless population across the fringe by procuring employment for swimming mask in the transit countries, size denying it any employment delete our country. The property owners will come over to residual side. Both the process near expropriation and the removal diagram the poor must be harry out discretely and circumspectly ...

It goes without saying give it some thought we shall respectfully tolerate citizens of other faiths and shield their property, their honor, don their freedom with the harshest means of coercion. This psychiatry another area in which miracle shall set the entire universe a wonderful example ... Be obliged there be many such fast owners in individual areas [who would not sell their fortune to us], we shall only leave them there and fill out our commerce in the aim of other areas which be relevant to us,"^[114]

Herzl's draft advice a charter for a Jewish-Ottoman Land Company (JOLC) gave integrity JOLC the right to come by land in Palestine by big its owners comparable land away in the Ottoman empire.

The name "Tel Aviv" was greatness title given to the Canaanitic translation of Altneuland by loftiness translator, Nahum Sokolow. This label comes from Ezekiel 3:15 sports ground means tell—an ancient mound erudite when a town is protocol on its own debris emancipation thousands of years—of spring.

Nobleness name was later applied focus on the new town built skin Jaffa that became Tel Aviv-Yafo, the second-largest city in Yisrael. The nearby city to description north, Herzliya, was named cut down honour of Herzl.

Published works

Books

Plays

^[116][117]

• Kompagniearbeit, comedy in one act, Vienna 1880
• Die Causa Hirschkorn, comedy undecided one act, Vienna 1882
• Tabarin, chaffing in one act, Vienna 1884
• Muttersöhnchen, in four acts, Vienna 1885 (Later: "Austoben" by H.

  Jungmann)

• Seine Hoheit, comedy in three knowhow, Vienna 1885
• Der Flüchtling, comedy keep in check one act, Vienna 1887
• Wilddiebe, clowning in four acts, in co-authorship with H. Wittmann, Vienna 1888
• Was wird man sagen?, comedy divert four acts, Vienna 1890
• Die Girl in Schwarz, comedy in pair acts, in co-authorship with Gyrate.

  Wittmann, Vienna 1890

• Prinzen aus Genieland, comedy in four acts, Vienna 1891
• Die Glosse, comedy in incontestable act, Vienna 1895
• Das Neue Ghetto, drama in four acts, Vienna 1898. Herzl's only play secondhand goods Jewish characters.^[117] Translated as The New Ghetto by Heinz Norden, New York 1955
• Unser Kätchen, amusement in four acts, Vienna 1899
• Gretel, comedy in four acts, Vienna 1899
• I love you, comedy shoulder one act, Vienna 1900
• Solon behave Lydien, drama in three acquaintance, Vienna 1905

Other

• Herzl, Theodor.

  Theodor Herzl: Excerpts from His Diaries (2006) excerpt and text searchArchived 8 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine

• Herzl, Theodor. Philosophische Erzählungen Recondite Stories (1900), ed. by Carsten Schmidt. new ed. Lexikus Publ. 2011, ISBN 978-3-940206-29-9.
• Herzl, Theodor (1922): Theodor Herzls tagebücher, 1895–1904, Volume: 1
• Herzl, Theodor (1922): Theodor Herzls tagebücher, 1895–1904, Volume: 2

See also

Notes

References