Sir venkata raman biography books
C. V. Raman
Indian physicist (–)
In that Indian name, the name Chandrasekhara is a patronymic, and prestige person should be referred give somebody no option but to by the given name, Venkata Raman, or just Raman.
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (;[1] 7 Nov &#;&#; 21 November ), known solely as C.
V. Raman,[2] was an Indian physicist known commandeer his work in the sphere of light scattering.[3] Using trig spectrograph that he developed, subside and his student K. Brutish. Krishnan discovered that when type traverses a transparent material, rectitude deflected light changes its hand on.
This phenomenon, a hitherto strange type of scattering of minor, which they called modified scattering was subsequently termed the Raman effect or Raman scattering. Extort , Raman received the Chemist Prize in Physics for that discovery and was the prime Asian and the first non-White to receive a Nobel Premium in any branch of science.[4]
Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, finishing-off his secondary and higher subsidiary education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the seethe of 11 and 13, singly.
He topped the bachelor's status examination of the University be defeated Madras with honours in physics from Presidency College at fair to middling His first research paper, learn diffraction of light, was promulgated in while he was importunate a graduate student. The following year he obtained a master's degree.
He joined the Asian Finance Service in Calcutta importation Assistant Accountant General at communiquй There he became acquainted support the Indian Association for rank Cultivation of Science (IACS), high-mindedness first research institute in Bharat, which allowed him to sell out independent research and swivel he made his major gifts in acoustics and optics.
In , he was appointed character first Palit Professor of Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at high-mindedness Rajabazar Science College under birth University of Calcutta. On her majesty first trip to Europe, eyesight the Mediterranean Sea motivated him to identify the prevailing statement for the blue colour indicate the sea at the at an earlier time, namely the reflected Rayleigh-scattered pleasure from the sky, as core incorrect.
He founded the Indian Journal of Physics in Agreed moved to Bangalore in do become the first Indian principal of the Indian Institute salary Science. He founded the Amerindic Academy of Sciences the harmonized year. He established the Raman Research Institute in where subside worked to his last stage.
The Raman effect was determined on 28 February The cause a rift is celebrated annually by illustriousness Government of India as justness National Science Day.
Early struggle and education
C. V. Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli in decency Madras Presidency of British Bharat (now Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India) to TamilIyerBrahmin parents,[5][6] Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.[7] Soil was the second of altitude siblings.[8] His father was boss teacher at a local lanky school, and earned a plain income.
He recalled: "I was born with a copper load in my mouth. At inaccurate birth my father was sorrow the magnificent salary of stale rupees per month!"[9] In , his family moved to Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam or Vizag) make money on Andhra Pradesh as his pop was appointed to the engine capacity of physics at Mrs A.V.
Narasimha Rao College.[10]
Raman was erudite at the St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School, Visakhapatnam.[11] He passed matriculation at age 11 queue the First Examination in Terrace examination (equivalent to today's transitional examination, pre-university course) with copperplate scholarship at age 13,[8][12] getting first position in both underneath the Andhra Pradesh school game table (now Andhra Pradesh Board exhaust Secondary Education) examination.[13]
In , Raman joined Presidency College in Province (now Chennai) where his ecclesiastic had been transferred to direct mathematics and physics.[14] In , he obtained a B.A.
level from the University of State, where he stood first deliver won the gold medals stem physics and English.[13] At arrest 18, while still a alumnus student, he published his control scientific paper on "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a honest aperture" in the British file Philosophical Magazine in [15] Filth earned an M.A.
degree cause the collapse of the same university with maximal distinction in [16][17] His straightaway any more paper published in the be the same as journal that year was audaciously surface tension of liquids.[18] Position was alongside Lord Rayleigh's put down on the sensitivity of be akin to to sound,[19] and from which Lord Rayleigh started to hand down with Raman, courteously addressing him as Professor.[13]
Aware of Raman's nation, his physics teacher Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted he continue investigation in England.
Jones arranged pine Raman's physical inspection with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.[20] Raman much had poor health and was considered as a "weakling."[21] Prestige inspection revealed that he would not withstand the harsh weathers of England,[10] the incident prescription which he later recalled, point of view said, "[Giffard] examined me swallow certified that I was farewell to die of tuberculosis… postulate I were to go extract England."[22]
Career
Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had joined the important Indian government service, Indian Resources Service (now Indian Audit current Accounts Service).[23] Raman followed operation and qualified for the Asian Finance Service achieving first flap in the entrance examination pull off February [24] He was enlightened in Calcutta (now Kolkata) sort Assistant Accountant General in June [10]
He was highly impressed coarse the Indian Association for goodness Cultivation of Science (IACS), Calcutta, the first research institute supported in India in [22] Take steps immediately befriended Asutosh Dey (who would eventually become his long-lasting collaborator), Amrita Lal Sircar (the founder Mahendralal Sircar's son come to rest secretary of IACS), and Ashutosh Mukherjee (executive member of nobleness IACS and Vice-Chancellor of blue blood the gentry University of Calcutta).
With their support, he obtained permission put the finishing touches to conduct research at IACS accent his own time even "at very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.[13] Up to turn this way time the institute had classify yet recruited regular researchers,[25] unseen produced any research paper.[10] Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published in Nature revel in became the first from honourableness institute.[26] The work inspired IACS to publish a journal, Bulletin of Indian Association for prestige Cultivation of Science, in have as a feature which Raman was the important contributor.[13]
In , Raman was transferred to Rangoon, British Burma (now Myanmar), to take up loftiness position of currency officer.
Puzzle out only a few months, proscribed had to return to State as his father died cause the collapse of an illness. The subsequent brusque of his father and exequies rituals compelled him to endure there for the rest go along with the year.[27] Soon after take steps resumed office at Rangoon, take steps was transferred back to Bharat at Nagpur, Maharashtra, in [28] Even before he served graceful year in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General comic story and again posted to Calcutta.[27]
From , the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars go down Raman at IACS.
Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Bumptious General of Observatories of Bharat Meteorological Department), a PhD expert under Ganesh Prasad, was empress first student.[29] From the later year, other universities followed action including University of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's College Indore, Society of Science, Nagpur, Krisnath Institute, and University of Madras.
Tough , Raman had guided author than a dozen students.[30] Mass Sircar's death in , Raman received two honorary positions be equal IACS, Honorary Professor and Intended Secretary.[25] He referred to that period as the "golden era" of his life.[31]
Raman was chosen by the University hint at Calcutta to become the Palit Professor of Physics, a bias established after the benefactor Sir Taraknath Palit, in The creation senate made the appointment go aboard 30 January , as taped in the meeting minutes:
Righteousness following appointments to the Palit Professorships were made at rendering meeting of the Senate on the subject of 30 January Dr P Apothegm Ray and Mr C.V.
Raman, MA The appointment of range Professor shall be permanent. Grand Professor shall vacate his bring into being upon completion of sixtieth era of his age.[13]
Prior to , Ashutosh Mukherjee had invited Jagadish Chandra Bose to take put on ice the position, but Bose declined.[32] As a second choice, Raman became the first Palit Prof of Physics but was abeyant for taking up the outcome as World War I insolvent out.
It was only staging when he joined Rajabazar Discipline College, a campus created alongside the University of Calcutta trauma , that he became fine full-fledged professor.[13] He reluctantly quiet as a civil servant later a decade of service, which was described as "supreme sacrifice"[25] since his salary as dexterous professor would be roughly fifty per cent of his salary at dignity time.
But to his argument, the terms and conditions whilst a professor were explicitly special to in the report of sovereign joining the university, which stated:
Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of picture Sir T N Palit Chair on condition that he testament choice not be required to add up to out of India Reported delay Mr C.
V. Raman linked his appointment as Palit Don of Physics from Mr Raman informed that he will need be required to take blue-collar teaching work in MA trip MSc classes, to the evil of his own research unimportant assisting advanced students in their researches.[29]
Raman's appointment as the Palit Professor was strongly objected consent to by some members of nobility Senate of the University get into Calcutta, especially foreign members, bit he had no PhD move had never studied abroad.
Importance a kind of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an discretional DSc which the University penalty Calcutta conferred Raman in Magnanimity same year he visited City to deliver a lecture bulldoze the Congress of Universities loom the British Empire.[33] He confidential earned quite a reputation moisten then, and his hosts were Nobel laureates J.
J. Physicist and Lord Rutherford.[34] Upon monarch election as Fellow of loftiness Royal Society in , Mukherjee asked him of his coming plans, which he replied, aphorism, "The Nobel Prize of course."[25] In , he established integrity Indian Journal of Physics arena acted as the first editor.[35] The second volume of nobleness journal published his famous item "A new radiation", reporting goodness discovery of the Raman effect.[36][37]
Raman was succeeded by Debendra Mohan Bose as the Palit Associate lecturer in Following his appointment introduce Director of the Indian School of Science (IISc) in Metropolis, he left Calcutta in [38] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, honesty King of Mysore, Jamsetji Tata and Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam surrounding Hyderabad, had contributed the manor and funds for the Soldier Institute of Science in Metropolis.
The Viceroy of India, Noble Minto approved the establishment management , and the British make appointed its first director, Artisan Travers.[39] Raman became the quarter director and the first Amerindian director. During his tenure terrestrial IISc, he recruited G. Legendary. Ramachandran, who later went superlative to become a distinguished X-ray crystallographer.
He founded the Soldier Academy of Sciences in turf started publishing the academy's review Proceedings of the Indian Establishment of Sciences (later split with your wits about you into Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences, Journal of Chemical Sciences, put up with Journal of Earth System Science).[34] Around that time the Calcutta Physical Society was established, blue blood the gentry concept of which he confidential initiated early in [13]
With coronet former student Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co.
Ltd. in [40] The company, renamed as TCM Limited in , was one of the leading organic and inorganic chemical manufacturers in India.[41] In , Raman was appointed the first Local Professor by the new deliver a verdict of independent India.[42]
Raman retired do too much IISC in and established picture Raman Research Institute in Metropolis a year later.
He served as its director and remained active there until his pull off in [42]
Scientific contributions
Musical sound
One check Raman's interests was on representation scientific basis of musical sounds. He was inspired by Hermann von Helmholtz's The Sensations position Tone, the book he came across when he joined IACS.[24] He published his findings prolifically between and He worked lug the theory of transverse motion of bowed string instruments homespun on superposition of velocities.
Amity of his earliest studies was on the wolf tone check violins and cellos.[43][44] He assumed the acoustics of various phoney and related instruments, including Soldier stringed instruments,[45][46] and water splashes.[47] He even performed what crystal-clear called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."[48]
Raman also studied the uniqueness lose Indian drums.[49] His analyses personage the harmonic nature of picture sounds of tabla and mridangam were the first scientific studies on Indian percussions.[50] He wrote a critical research on intensity of the pianoforte string desert was known as Kaufmann's theory.[51] During his brief visit flawless England in , he managed to study how sound crossing in the Whispring Gallery trip the dome of St Paul's Cathedral in London that produces unusual sound effects.[52][53] His thought on acoustics was an vital prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, to his later works levelheaded optics and quantum mechanics.[54]
Blue appearance of the sea
Raman, in coronate broadening venture on optics, afoot to investigate scattering of gaslight starting in [55] His premier phenomenal discovery of the physics of light was the sad color of seawater.
During undiluted voyage home from England wage war board the S.S. Narkunda con September , he contemplated character blue color of the Sea Sea. Using simple optical push, a pocket-sized spectroscope and straighten up Nicol prism in hand, yes studied the sea water.[56] Diagram several hypotheses on the blanch of the sea propounded look the time,[57][58] the best anticipate had been that of Prince Rayleigh's in , according although which, "The much admired unlighted blue of the deep the deep has nothing to do tweak the color of water, on the other hand is simply the blue counterfeit the sky seen by reflection".[59] Rayleigh had correctly described dignity nature of the blue desire by a phenomenon now darken as Rayleigh scattering,[60] the bit of light and refraction chunk particles in the atmosphere.[61] Sovereign explanation of the blue tincture of water was instinctively nosedive as correct.
Raman could outlook the water using a Nicol prism to avoid the outward appearance of sunlight reflected by honourableness surface. He described how say publicly sea appears even more sad than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.[62]
Style soon as the S.S. Narkunda docked in Bombay Harbour (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman finished insinuation article "The colour of description sea" that was published subtract the November issue of Nature.
He noted that Rayleigh's communication is "questionable by a impressionable mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).[62] As he thought:
Look down into the water silent a Nicol in front be more or less the eye to cut soar surface reflections, the track hold sway over the sun's rays could nominate seen entering the water bear appearing by virtue of angle to converge to a concentrate at a considerable depth interior it.
The question is: What is it that diffracts illustriousness light and makes its traversal visible? An interesting possibility defer should be considered in that connection is that the diffracting particles may, at least drain liquid from part, be the molecules give a miss the water themselves.[13]
When significant reached Calcutta, he asked government student K.
R. Ramanathan, who was from the University clone Rangoon, to conduct further investigation at IACS.[63] By early , Raman came to a contigency, as he reported in distinction Proceedings of the Royal Backup singers of London:
It is proposed back this paper to urge young adult entirely different view, that emit this phenomenon, as in description parallel case of the tincture of the sky, molecular diffraction determines the observed luminosity most important in great measure also secure colour.
As a necessary prefatory to the discussion, a select calculation and experimental observations understanding the intensity of molecular stampede in water will be presented.[64]
True to his words, Ramanathan in print an elaborate experimental finding row [65] His subsequent study oust the Bay of Bengal appoint provided the full evidence.[66] Put is now known that blue blood the gentry intrinsic color of water problem mainly attributed to the discriminating absorption of longer wavelengths build up light in the red professor orange regions of the sweep, owing to overtones of interpretation infrared absorbing O-H (oxygen stake hydrogen combined) stretching modes consume water molecules.[67]
Raman effect
Main article: Raman scattering
Background
Raman's second important discovery success the scattering of light was a new type of emission, an eponymous phenomenon called probity Raman effect.[68] After discovering representation nature of light scattering drift caused blue colour of o he focused on the decree behind the phenomenon.
His experiments in showed the possibility allude to other light rays formed pledge addition to the incident needle when sunlight was filtered defeat a violet glass in confident liquids and solids. Ramanathan considered that this was a advise of a "trace of fluorescence."[13] In , K. S. Krishnan, a new Research Associate, notorious the theoretical background for nobility existence of an additional soup‡on line beside the usual polarised elastic scattering when light scatters through liquid.[69] He referred say nice things about the phenomenon as "feeble fluorescence."[70] But the theoretical attempts come within reach of justify the phenomenon were entirely futile for the next brace years.[71]
The major impetus was the discovery of Compton dump.
Arthur Compton at Washington College in St. Louis had arrive on the scene evidence in that electromagnetic waves can also be described little particles.[72] By , the happening was widely accepted by scientists, including Raman.[73] As the intelligence of Compton's Nobel Prize amuse Physics was announced in Dec , Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:
"Excellent news very nice amazingly.
But look here Krishnan. Pretend this is true of X-Rays, it must be true pale Light too. I have every thought so. There must verbal abuse an Optical analogue to Compton Effect. We must pursue overcome and we are on authority right lines.
Rajiv statesman brief biographyIt must ahead shall be found. The Philanthropist Prize must be won."[74]
But honourableness origin of the inspiration went further. As Compton later recollected "that it was probably nobility Toronto debate that led him to discover the Raman weekend case two years later."[24] The Toronto debate was about the conversation on the existence of give off quantum at the British Gathering for the Advancement of Body of knowledge meeting held at Toronto dust There Compton presented his tentative findings, which William Duane confess Harvard University argued with empress own with evidence that emit was a wave.[75] Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good eristic, but the truth isn't rip apart you."[24]
The scattering experiments
Krishnan started depiction experiment in the beginning carefulness January [63] On 7 Jan, he discovered that no substance what kind of pure marshy he used, it always present itself polarised fluorescence within the visual spectrum of light.
As Raman saw the result, he was astonished why he never practical such phenomenon all those years.[63] That night he and Krishnan named the new phenomenon monkey "modified scattering" with reference attack the Compton effect as erior unmodified scattering. On 16 Feb, they sent a manuscript indicate Nature titled "A new class of secondary radiation", which was published on 31 March.[77]
On 28 February , they obtained spectra of the modified scattering comb from the incident light.
Payable to difficulty in measuring probity wavelengths of light, they confidential been relying on visual inspection of the colour produced shun sunlight through prism. Raman abstruse invented a type of photograph for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.[34][78] Referring to the merchandise, Raman later remarked, "When Uncontrolled got my Nobel Prize, Crazed had spent hardly rupees disagreement my equipment,"[79] although it was obvious that his total valuation for the entire experiment was much more than that.[80] Dismiss that moment they could utilize the instrument using monochromatic luminosity from a mercury arc ridicule which penetrated transparent material submit was allowed to fall edge a spectrograph to record cause dejection spectrum.
The lines of sprinkling could now be measured impressive photographed.[81][82]
Announcement
The same day, Raman made the announcement before probity press. The Associated Press chivalrous India reported it the adhere to day, on 29 February, importation "New theory of radiation: Professor.
Raman's Discovery."[83] It ran decency story as:
Prof. C. V. Raman, F.R.S., of the Calcutta Institution, has made a discovery which promises to be of basic significance to physics The modern phenomenon exhibits features even much startling than those discovered toddler Prof. Compton with X-rays.
Rendering principal feature observed is cruise when matter is excited alongside light of one colour, birth atoms contained in it expel light of two colours, single of which is different detach from the exciting colour and critique lower down the spectrum. Influence astonishing thing is that righteousness altered colour is quite unfettered of the nature of rendering substance used.[68]
The news was reproduced by The Statesman on 1 March under the headline "Scattering of Light by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."[84] Raman submitted a three-paragraph report of the discovery endow 8 March to Nature reprove was published on 21 April.[85] The actual data was twist and turn to the same journal underline 22 March and was in print on 5 May.[86] Raman suave the formal and detailed species as "A new radiation" gain the meeting of the Southeast Indian Science Association in City on 16 March.
His talk was published in the Indian Journal of Physics on 31 March.[36] A thousand copies depose the paper reprint were presage to scientists in different countries on that day.[37]
Reception and outcome
Some physicists, particularly French and Teutonic physicists were initially sceptical familiar the authenticity of the exhibition.
Georg Joos at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena gratuitously Arnold Sommerfeld at the College of Munich, "Do you imagine that Raman's work on high-mindedness optical Compton effect in liquids is reliable? The sharpness be in opposition to the scattered lines in liquids seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to reproduce authority experiment, but failed.[87] On 20 June , Peter Pringsheim bequeath the University of Berlin was able to reproduce Raman's conservative successfully.
He was the pull it off to coin the terms Ramaneffekt and Linien des Ramaneffekts preparation his articles published the adjacent months.[88][89] Use of the Country versions, "Raman effect" and "Raman lines" immediately followed.[90][22][91]
In addition helter-skelter being a new phenomenon upturn, the Raman effect was tiptoe of the earliest proofs decompose the quantum nature of congestion.
Robert W. Wood at honourableness Johns Hopkins University was magnanimity first American to confirm influence Raman effect in early [92] He made a series bad deal experimental verification, after which sharp-tasting commented, saying, "It appears acknowledge me that this very prized discovery which resulted from Raman's long and patient study shambles the phenomenon of light rush is one of the escalate convincing proofs of the quantum theory".[93][94] The field of Raman spectroscopy came to be homespun on this phenomenon, and Ernest Rutherford, President of the Grand Society, referred to it hold his presentation of the Industrialist Medal to Raman in bit "among the best three top quality four discoveries in experimental physics in the last decade".[74]
Raman was confident that he would magnify the Nobel Prize in Physics as well but was admonitory when the Nobel Prize went to Owen Richardson in settle down to Louis de Broglie get in touch with He was so confident understanding winning the prize in lose concentration he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced in Nov.
He would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of dignity prize, tossing it away conj admitting it did not carry righteousness news.[95] He did eventually be worthy of that year.[96]
Later work
Raman had business with the Banaras Hindu Home in Varanasi.
He attended righteousness foundation ceremony of BHU[97] streak delivered lectures on mathematics president "Some new paths in physics" during the lecture series unionized at the university from 5 to 8 February [98] Operate also held the position locate permanent visiting professor.[99]
With Suri Bhagavantam, he determined the spin curst photons in , which just starting out confirmed the quantum nature eradicate light.[][91] With another student, Nagendra Nath, he provided the remedy theoretical explanation for the acousto-optic effect (light scattering by growth waves) in a series tension articles resulting in the noted Raman–Nath theory.[] Modulators, and swap systems based on this carrying out have enabled optical communication subject-matter based on laser systems.[]
Other investigations he carried out included provisional and theoretical studies on prestige diffraction of light by cure waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies,[][] and those on greatness effects produced by X-rays prize infrared vibrations in crystals uncovered to ordinary light which were published between and [][]
In , through studying the spectroscopic manners of crystals, he approached character fundamental problems of crystal mechanics in a new manner.[][] Illegal dealt with the structure beam properties of diamond from line of attack ,[][] the structure and optic behaviour of numerous iridescent substances including labradorite,[] pearly feldspar,[]agate,[]quartz,[]opal,[] advocate pearl in the early s.[] Among his other interests were the optics of colloids, near electrical and magnetic anisotropy.[][] Jurisdiction last interests in the unmerciful were on biological properties specified as the colours of flower bloom and the physiology of body vision.[][][]
Personal life
Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, daughter of S.
Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent medium Sea Customs at Madras, cultivate [23] The wedding day legal action popularly recorded as on 6 May,[][][] but Raman's great-niece professor biographer, Uma Parameswaran,[] revealed efficient factual date of 2 June [] It was a self-arranged marriage and his wife was 13 years old.[][42][] (Sources dangle contradicting on her age tempt her birth year is fixed as ,[22][][] which would bring into being her about 15 years reproduce age; but Parameswaran affirmed authority year,[] corroborated by her death notice in Current Science that act her age as 86 keep down her death on 22 May well []) His wife later tongueincheek recounted that their marriage was not so much about safe musical prowess (she was presentation veena when they first met) as "the extra allowance which the Finance Department gave call on its married officers."[42] The auxiliary allowance refers to an extra INR for married officers whet the time.[23] Soon after they moved to Calcutta in , the couple were accused fence converting to Christianity.
It was because they frequently visited Membrane. John's Church, Kolkata as Lokasundari was fascinated with the religion music and Raman with nobility acoustics.[42]
They had two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, simple radio astronomer. Raman's elder fellow Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won the Nobel Honour in Physics.[]
Throughout his life, Raman developed an extensive personal group of stones, minerals, and means with interesting light-scattering properties, which he obtained from his terra travels and as gifts.[] Blooper often carried a small, hand-held spectroscope to study specimens.[] These, along with his spectrograph, systematize on display at IISc.[][]
Lord Chemist was instrumental in some time off Raman's most pivotal moments wrench life.
He nominated Raman insinuate the Nobel Prize in Physics in , presented him class Hughes Medal as President break into the Royal Society in , and recommended him for probity position of Director at IISc in [10]
Raman had a mind of obsession with the Philanthropist Prize. In a speech bogus the University of Calcutta, why not?
said, "I'm not flattered bypass the honour [Fellowship to authority Royal Society in ] see to to me. This is unadorned small achievement. If there survey anything that I aspire application, it is the Nobel Guerdon. You will find that Comical get that in five years."[] He knew that if inaccuracy were to receive the Philanthropist Prize, he could not wait for for the announcement of nobility Nobel Committee normally made to the end of the harvest considering the time required effect reach Sweden by sea route.[] With confidence, he booked combine tickets, one for his better half, for a steamship to Stockholm in July [] Soon rearguard he received the Nobel Love, he was asked in representative interview the possible consequences postulate he had discovered the Raman effect earlier, which he replied, "Then I should have common the Nobel Prize with Compton and I should not possess liked that; I would to some extent receive the whole of it."[]
Religious views
Although Raman hardly talked about religion, he was unashamedly an agnostic,[] but objected collide with being labelled atheist.[21] His incredulousness was largely influenced by lose concentration of his father who adhered to the philosophies of Musician Spencer, Charles Bradlaugh, and Parliamentarian G.
Ingersoll.[] He resented Asiatic traditional rituals[] but did party give them up in cover circles.[][] He was also simulated by the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta.[] Traditional pagri (Indian turban) with a tuft underneath stomach a upanayana (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire.
Albeit it was not customary oppress wear turbans in South Amerind culture, he explained his routine as, "Oh, if I frank not wear one, my purpose will swell. You all bless me so much and Unrestrained need a turban to monitor my ego."[24] He even attributed his turban for the push back he received on his culminating visit to England, particular steer clear of J.
J. Thomson and Ruler Rutherford.[42] In a public words, he once said,
There is inept Heaven, no Swarga, no Shallow, no rebirth, no reincarnation see no immortality. The only right that is true is depart a man is born, settle down lives and he dies. Ergo, he should live his man properly.[]
In a friendly meeting explore Mahatma Gandhi and Gilbert Rahm, a German zoologist, the discussion turned to religion.
Raman spoke,
I shall answer your [Rahm's] enquiry. If there is a Demiurge we must look for him in the Universe. If forbidden is not there, he testing not worth looking for Magnanimity growing discoveries in the principles of astronomy and physics look like to be further and newfound revelations of God.[21]
On his leave-taking, he said to his helpmate, "I believe only in honourableness Spirit of Man," and willingly for his funeral, "Just uncut clean and simple cremation receive me, no mumbo-jumbo please."[]
Death
At primacy end of October , Raman had a cardiac arrest spreadsheet collapsed in his laboratory.
Recognized was moved to the dispensary where doctors diagnosed his advocate and declared that he would not survive for another join hours.[] He however survived well-organized few days and requested drawback stay in the gardens be beaten his institute surrounded by fulfil followers and fans.[]
Two days heretofore Raman died, he told sharpen of his former students, "Do not allow the journals pursuit the Academy to die, bring about they are the sensitive equal of the quality of principles being done in the society and whether science is alluring root in it or not."[42] That evening, Raman met discover the Board of Management cataclysm his institute in his beddable and discussed with them glory fate of the institute's management.[] He also willed his little woman to perform a simple burial without any rituals upon crown death.
He died from unaffected causes early the next salutation on 21 November at decency age of []
With probity news of Raman's death, Make Minister Indira Gandhi publicly declared, saying,
The country, the House [of Parliament], and everyone of dishonorable will mourn the death very last Dr.
C. V. Raman. Misstep was the greatest scientist lecture modern India and one imbursement the greatest intellects our community has produced in its scratch out a living history. His mind was intend the diamond, which he non-natural and explained. His life's business consisted in throwing light air strike the nature of lights, contemporary the world honoured him assume many ways for the additional knowledge which he won uncontaminated science.[]
Controversies
The Nobel Prize
Independent discovery
In , Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Poet at the Moscow State Routine independently discovered the Raman squashy.
They published their findings patent July issue of Naturwissenschaften,[] stream presented their findings at distinction Sixth Congress of the Country Association of Physicists held pressurize Saratov between 5 and 16 August.[] In , they were nominated for the Nobel Guerdon alongside Raman. According to grandeur Nobel Committee, however: (1) integrity Russians did not come die an independent interpretation of their discovery as they cited Raman's article; (2) they observed depiction effect only in crystals, ill Raman and Krishnan observed break up in solids, liquids and gases, and therefore proved the popular nature of the effect; (3) the problems concerning the focus of Raman and infrared pass the time in the spectra had back number explained during the previous year; (4) the Raman method difficult been applied with great become involved in different fields of molecular physics; and (5) the Raman effect had effectively helped pact check the symmetry properties fortify molecules, and thus the weight concerning nuclear spin in teensy-weensy physics.[]
The Nobel Committee proposed one and only Raman's name to the Sovereign Swedish Academy of Sciences commissioner the Nobel Prize.[] Evidence after appeared that the Russians locked away discovered the phenomenon earlier, out week before Raman and Krishnan's discovery.[] According to Mandelstam's assassinate (to Orest Khvolson), the Indigen had observed the spectral hard-hitting on 21 February []
Role publicize Krishnan
Krishnan was not nominated tabloid the Nobel Prize even even though he was the main examiner in discovering the Raman effect.[87] He alone first noted influence new scattering.[63] Krishnan co-authored ending the scientific papers on significance discovery in except two.
Agreed alone wrote all the continuation studies.[][][] Krishnan himself never presumed himself worthy of the prize.[] But Raman admitted later consider it Krishnan was the co-discoverer.[87] Subside however remained openly antagonistic turn Krishnan, which the latter ostensible as "the greatest tragedy point toward my life."[] After Krishnan's cool, Raman said to a journalist from The Times of India, "Krishnan was the greatest knave I have known, and stand-up fight his life he masqueraded pimple the cloak of another man's discovery."[]
The Raman–Born controversy
From October put your name down March , Max Born was employed by IISc as Client in Theoretical Physics following significance invitation by Raman early monitor [] Born at the put on ice was a refugee from Absolute Germany and temporarily employed argue St John's College, Cambridge.[] Because the beginning of the Ordinal century Born had developed systematic theory on lattice dynamics family circle on thermal properties.[] He debonair his theory in one pressure his lectures at IISc.
Mass then Raman had developed great different theory and claimed delay Born's theory contradicted the tentative data.[] Their debate lasted rationalize decades.[][]
In this dispute, Born regular support from most physicists,[] because his view was proven blow up be a better explanation.[] Raman's theory was generally regarded chimpanzee having partial relevance.[] Beyond rectitude intellectual debate, their rivalry lingering to personal and social levels.
Born later said that Raman probably thought of him chimp an "enemy."[] Despite the ascending evidence for Born's theory, Raman refused to concede. As primacy editor of Current Science lighten up rejected articles that supported Born's theory.[] Born was nominated not too times for the Nobel Adore specifically for his contributions connected with lattice theory, and eventually won it for his statistical totality on quantum mechanics in Excellence account was written as regular "belated Nobel Prize."[]
Indian authorities
Raman challenging an aversion to the spread Prime Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Statesman and Nehru's policies on discipline.
In one instance he ignored the bust of Nehru policy the floor. In another, illegal shattered his Bharat Ratna palm to pieces with a beat, as it was given strut him by the Nehru government.[][] He publicly ridiculed Nehru considering that the latter visited the Raman Research Institute in There they displayed a piece of amber and copper against an uv light.
Nehru was tricked minor road believing that copper which glowed more brilliantly than any following metal was gold. Raman was quick to remark, "Mr Core Minister, everything that glitters quite good not gold."[]
On the same incident Nehru, offered Raman financial backing to his institute which Raman flatly refused by replying, "I certainly don't want this hear become another government laboratory."[] Raman was particularly against the guardianship of research programmes by depiction government such as in interpretation establishment of the Bhabha Minuscule Research Centre (BARC), Defense Investigating and Development Organization (DRDO), take the Council of Scientific at an earlier time Industrial Research (CSIR).[][] He remained hostile to people associated work stoppage these establishments including Homi Itemize.
Bhabha, S.S. Bhatnagar, and emperor once favourite student, Krishnan. Inaccuracy even called such programmes slightly the "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."[][][] In , Raman proposed to establish alternative research institute in Madras. Position Government of Madras advised him to apply for funds stick up the central government.
But Raman clearly foresaw as he replied to C. Subramaniam, then interpretation Minister for Finance Education bonding agent Madras, that his proposal survive Nehru's government "would be trip over with a refusal." So floating the plan.[]
Raman described AICC corridors of power as "a big tamasha" (drama or spectacle) that just booked on discussing issues without activity.
As to problems of go running resources in India, his cooperate to the government was, "We must stop breeding like dominant and the matter will settle itself."[]
Indian Academy of Sciences
The Soldier Academy of Sciences was indwelling out of conflicts during representation procedures of the proposal tail a national scientific organization contain line with the Royal Society.[] In , the Indian Principles Congress Association (ISCA), at say publicly time the largest scientific arrangement, planned to establish a public science body, which would keep going authorized to advise the control on scientific matters.[]Sir Richard Doctor, then editor of Nature, falling off his visit to India esoteric suggested Raman, as editor succeed Current Science, to establish have in mind Indian Academy of Sciences.
Raman thought that it should nurture an exclusively Indian membership gorilla opposed to the general concord that British members should fix included. He resolved "How glance at India Science prosper under rendering tutelage of an academy which has its own council leave undone 30, 15 of who fancy Britishers of whom only deuce or three are fit stop to be its Fellows." Branch 1 April , he convened a separate meeting of birth South Indian scientists.
He advocate Subba Rao officially resigned cheat ISCA.[]
Raman registered the new take in as the Indian Academy run through Sciences on 24 April tip the Registrar of Societies.[] Lack of confusion was a provisional name confront be changed to the Exchange a few words Society of India after sanction from the Royal Charter.
Illustriousness Government of India did distant recognize it as an authorized national scientific body, as specified the ICSA created a come organization named the National Association of Sciences of India throng 7 January (but again varied to the Indian National Body of laws Academy in ).[] INSA difficult been led by the upmost chief rivals of Raman including Meghnad Saha, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, and Krishnan.[]
Indian Institute of Science
Raman had on the rocks great fallout with the corridors of power at the Indian Institute have power over Science (IISc).
He was malefactor of biased development in physics while ignoring other fields.[] Let go lacked diplomatic personality with repeated erior colleagues, which S. Ramaseshan, fulfil nephew and later Director homework IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went in there like a bruiser in a china shop."[] Closure wanted research in physics press-gang the level of those grow mouldy western institutes, but at depiction expense of other fields practice science.[]Max Born observed, "Raman mix a sleepy place where observe little work was being organize by a number of besides well–paid people."[] At the Parliament meeting, Kenneth Aston, professor show the Electrical Technology Department, severely criticized Raman and Raman's matriculation of Born.
Raman had from time to time intention of giving the jam-packed position of professor to Born.[24] Aston even made a exact attack on Born by referring to him as someone "who was rejected by his low country, a renegade and consequence a second-rate scientist unfit benefits be part of the influence, much less to be honourableness head of the department keep in good condition physics."[]
The Council of IISc established a review committee to administer Raman's conduct in January Leadership committee, chaired by James Irvine, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of illustriousness University of St Andrews, fashionable in March that Raman confidential misused the funds and wholly shifted the "centre of gravity" towards research in physics, splendid also that the proposal conduct operations Born as Professor of Precise Physics (which was already authorized by the Council in Nov ) was not financially feasible.[] The Council offered Raman cardinal choices, either to resign escape the institute with effect circumvent 1 April or resign renovation the Director and continue translation Professor of physics; if take action did not make the over, he was to be dismissed.
Raman was inclined to equipment up the second choice.[]
The Regal Society
Raman never seemed to plot thought highly of the Brotherhood of the Royal Society.[] Subside tendered his resignation as trim Fellow on 9 March , which the Council of probity Royal Society accepted on 4 April.
However, the exact endeavour was not documented.[] One spat could be Raman's objection craving the designation "British subjects" orang-utan one of the categories refreshing the Fellows. Particularly after rectitude Independence of India, the Grand Society had its own disputes on this matter.[]
According to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, The London Times