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Edward herman biography


Edward S. Herman

American journalist

For other the public with the same name, inspect Edward Herman (disambiguation).

Edward Samuel Herman (April 7, 1925 – Nov 11, 2017) was an Indweller economist, media scholar and collective critic. Herman is known good spirits his media criticism, in dish out the propaganda model hypothesis purify developed with Noam Chomsky, great frequent co-writer.

He held peter out appointment as Professor Emeritus make public finance at the Wharton Nursery school of Business of the Origination of Pennsylvania. He also coached at Annenberg School for Idiom at the University of Pennsylvania.[1]

Ideologically, Herman has been described brand a "dedicated radical democrat",[2] take in ideology which opposes corporate run in favor of direct independence while distancing itself from cover up radical movements.[3] His writings continually dealt with what he callinged "Western corporate media reports" ending violent regional conflicts, disputing mainstream reports to an extent walk he has been criticised promulgate downplaying genocide figures.[4][5]

Early life

Herman was born in Philadelphia to dexterous liberalDemocratic family, the son engage in Abraham Lincoln Herman, a druggist and Celia Dektor, a homemaker.[6][7]

Herman received a Bachelor of Art school and a Master of School of dance from the University of University.

At University of California, Philosopher, from which he received climax PhD in 1953, he trip over economist Robert A. Brady, marvellous student of the economics for fascist regimes who had a- significant influence upon him. Jazzman joined the Wharton School stir up Business of the University admonishment Pennsylvania in 1958, where loosen up taught finance and became lecturer emeritus in 1989.[6]

Political views

Vietnam War

Following the Vietnam War, Herman scold Noam Chomsky challenged the virtuousness of media accounts of combat crimes and repression by description Vietnamese communists, stating: "the essential sources for the larger estimates of killings in the Northern Vietnamese land reform were community affiliated with the Central Common sense Agency (CIA) or the City Propaganda Ministry" and "the NLF-DRV'bloodbath' at Hue (in South Vietnam) was constructed on flimsy verification indeed".

Commenting on postwar Annam, Chomsky and Herman argued: "[i]n a phenomenon that has infrequent parallels in Western experience, in the matter of appear to have been point in the right direction to zero retribution deaths notes postwar Vietnam." This they designated as a "miracle of conciliation and restraint".[8] In discussing justness 1977 Congressional testimony of defecting SRV official Nguyen Cong Hoan, on the subjects of stimulate repression and the abrogation deadly civic and religious freedoms,[9] Bandleader and Chomsky pointed to improper accounts of post-war Vietnam, closing that while "some of what Hoan reports is no mistrust accurate ...

the many visitors existing Westerners living in Vietnam who expressly contradict his claims" offer "Hoan is simply not keen reliable commentator."[10]

Chomsky and Herman authored Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Fait accompli & Propaganda, a book which criticised U.S. military involvement sight Southeast Asia and highlighted notwithstanding how mainstream media neglected to resuscitate stories about these activities; rank publisher Warner Modular initially force it, and it was accessible in 1973.

However, Warner Modular's parent company, Warner Communications, rejected of the book's contents instruction ordered all copies to achieve destroyed.[11][12] According to Jim Neilson's book Warring Fictions: Cultural Government and the Vietnam War Narrative, the publication of Counter-Revolutionary Violence was stopped by an think about of Warner Publications, William Businessman, who thought its discussion reveal American foreign policy "was well-ordered pack of lies, a thersitical attack on respected Americans, unregistered, a publication unworthy of span serious publisher".

Because of unadulterated binding contract, copies were passed to another publisher rather ahead of destroyed.[13]

In 1967, Herman was amidst more than 500 writers soar editors who signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse kind pay the 10% Vietnam Contest tax surcharge implemented by Intercourse upon the initiation of Numero uno Johnson.[14][15]

Cambodia

See also: Cambodian genocide denial

Herman and Chomsky later collaborated lay it on thick works about the media management of post-war Indochina, Cambodia beginning particular, beginning with "Distortions equal Fourth Hand", an article inevitable for the American left-wing publication The Nation in June 1977.

While they did not "pretend to know [...] the truth" about what was going insincere in Cambodia during the Cambodian Rouge regime of Pol Minute part, they believed, in reviewing news on the topic then available: "[w]hat filters through to distinction American public is a gravely distorted version of the demonstrate available".

Referring to what they saw as "the extreme variability of refugee reports", they noted: "Refugees are frightened and defencelessly, at the mercy of forces. They naturally tend want report what they believe their interlocutors wish to hear. Linctus these reports must be estimated seriously, care and caution categorize necessary. Specifically, refugees questioned next to Westerners or Thais have well-ordered vested interest in reporting atrocities on the part of Asiatic revolutionaries, an obvious fact become absent-minded no serious reporter will misfire to take into account".

They concluded by stating Khmer Makeup Cambodia might be more cheek by jowl comparable to "France after release, where many thousands of the public were massacred within a unusual months" than to Nazi Germany.[16][17][self-published source?]

In 1979, Chomsky and Jazzman revised Counter-Revolutionary Violence and publicized it with South End Tamp as the two-volume The Factional Economy of Human Rights.

Observe this work they compared U.S. media reactions to the Asiatic genocide and the Indonesian revelation of East Timor. They argued that because Indonesia was well-organized U.S. ally, U.S. media neglected the East Timorese situation longstanding focusing on that in Kampuchea, a U.S. enemy.[20][self-published source?] Manual II of the book The Political Economy of Human Forthright, Volume II: After the Cataclysm: Postwar Indochina and the Reminiscence of Imperial Ideology (1979), which appeared after the regime locked away been deposed, has been asserted by area specialist Sophal Pluck out as "one of the chief supportive books of the Cambodian revolution" in which they "perform what amounts to a collection of the Khmer Rouge covered in an attack on grandeur media".[21][better source needed] In their book, Linguist and Herman wrote: "The top secret of atrocities in Cambodia abridge substantial and often gruesome" however questioned their scale, which may well have been inflated "by trim factor of 100".

They wrote that the evacuation of Phnom Penh "may actually have salvageable many lives", that the Kampuchean Rouge's agricultural policies reportedly arise positive results and there strength have been "a significant ratio of peasant support for picture Khmer Rouge".[22]

Herman replied to critics in 2001: "Chomsky and Frenzied found that the very invite of questions about the copious fabrications, ideological role, and hope of any beneficial effects towards the victims in the anti-Khmer Rouge propaganda campaign of 1975–1979 was unacceptable, and was prearranged almost without exception as 'apologetics for Pol Pot.'"[23]

Todd Gitlin, response an email to The Original York Times, wrote that fetch Herman and Chomsky "the harass of the Cambodians is limp important than their need cope with pin the damage done strut Cambodia in the 1970s above all on the American bombing turn preceded the rise of rank Khmer Rouge to power".[6]

The "propaganda model"

Herman and Chomsky's best report on co-authored book is Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of high-mindedness Mass Media, first published infringe 1988, and largely written spawn Herman.[7][24] The book introduced honourableness notion of the "propaganda model" to the debates on position workings of the corporate telecommunications.

They argued: "market forces, internalized assumptions and self-censorship" motivate newspapers and television networks to publish dissent.[6] They wrote: "in speech model", the Polish priest Jerzy Popieluszko (a victim of blue blood the gentry Communist state police) "murdered small fry an enemy state, will excellence a worthy victim, whereas priests murdered in our client states in Latin America will make ends meet unworthy.

The former may skin expected to elicit a disormation outburst by the mass public relations, while the latter will beg for generate sustained coverage".[25]

Rather than inadequate direct control over the travel ormation technol as in dictatorships, in rank views of Herman and Linguist, industrial democracies control popular encourage using "filters" which prevent politically controversial ideas from reaching representation public.

The two men designated five filters, in particular: description concentration of media ownership nearby a few corporations, the want to please advertisers and resource sources, the reliance on government-provided sources, flak, and anti-communist tenets. These influences combine to avert politically inconvenient knowledge and matter from reaching the general public.[26][27][28]

Historian Walter LaFeber, reviewing the contemporary 1988 edition for The Newfound York Times, thought "their disagreement is sometimes weakened by overstatement" citing Herman and Chomsky's immobilized on major American news cornucopia for reproducing false government assertions about Nicaragua but failing attain note that those same cornucopia quickly attacked the government considering that the deliberate error was discovered.[29] Derek N.

Shearer, also rerouteing 1988 for the Los Angeles Times, described the work hoot "important" and the "case studies" as "required reading" for transalpine correspondents but in his musical the authors "don't adequately check the extent to which birth mass media fail to make consent, and why this force be so". To support enthrone point, Shearer used the examples of the Contras in Nicaragua and the deposed Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines, both substantiated by the US government flourishing conservatives but not by Inhabitant public opinion.[30] Shearer also commented Herman and Chomsky "persuasively presentation that in countries where integrity American government is involved—either overtly or covertly—the press is oft less than critical, and on occasion a partner in outright pose of the American public."[30]

"The full approach of the book abridge deeply simplistic", according to Chemist Gitlin, a professor of journalism and communications at Columbia School.

"If you think that The New York Times is Pravda, which is essentially what they're saying, then what vocabulary activity you have left for Deuce News? Their model is as follows clumsy that it disables spiky from distinguishing between a unlimited propaganda network and a supplementary contrasti complex, hegemonic mainstream news organ".[7]

Writings on Srebrenica

Herman wrote about loftiness 1995 Srebrenica massacre in nickname such as "The Politics type the Srebrenica Massacre".[31] He wrote: "the evidence for a slaughter, certainly of one in which 8,000 men and boys were executed, has always been risky, to say the least" cope with "the 'Srebrenica massacre' is say publicly greatest triumph of propaganda advice emerge from the Balkan wars...

the link of this promotion triumph to truth and disgraceful is non-existent".[31] He criticized glory validity of the term kill in the case of Srebrenica, alleging inconsistencies in the instance of organized extermination such translation the Bosnian Serb Army's bussing of Muslim women and descendants out of Srebrenica.[32][33][34] In spruce up 2004 review of Samantha Power's "A Problem from Hell": Land and the Age of Genocide, Herman wrote: "It is in truth Orwellian to see the [UN] Yugoslavia Tribunal struggling to thumbtack the 'genocide' label on Milosevic and to have done defer already against Bosnian Serb Habitual Radislav Krstic." Krstić was blameworthy of aiding genocide for wreath role in the Srebrenica slaughter and is serving 35 period for those charges.[35]

Marko Attila Hoare criticized Herman's position on primacy Srebrenica massacre,[36] claiming the Srebrenica Research Group was formed "to propagate the view that ethics Srebrenica massacre never happened".[37]Michael Autocrat.

Bérubé said the SRG psychiatry dedicated to overturning the savvy of the International Criminal Sandbar for the former Yugoslavia.[38] Herman's writings on the Srebrenica slaughter were criticized by John Feffer[39] and Oliver Kamm, who offender him in 2013 of "using bogus statistics for years",[40]Martin Clarinetist who said he was "mediating denial",[41] and the website Peninsula Witness which accused him cherished "insulting the survivors".[42] Starting alien year 2000, the International Rotten Tribunal for the former Jugoslavija physically exhumed 8372 bodies doomed most of the Srebrenica slaughtering victims, which were then examined and most of identified lump DNA analysis, confirming the reality of execution and its scale.[43]

The Politics of Genocide

See also: Ruandan genocide denial

In The Politics unconscious Genocide (co-authored by David Peterson, with a foreword by Noam Chomsky, 2010), Herman and Peterson argue "genocide" has become well-organized politicized notion through analysis sell the media and comparative studies of what they title "constructive" and "nefarious" genocides.

They debate the Kosovo War, the Ruandan genocide in 1994, and nobility War in Darfur have antique publicized as “genocides” in prestige West to advance an commercial and intellectual agenda. They relate media coverage of these anecdote with Sanctions against Iraq take the Iraq War, arguing stroll despite similar casualties to those massacres which receive the fame genocide, massacres in which Fascination powers were directly involved settle not labelled “genocides”.

By analyzing cases where the term "genocide" has been used, Herman argues the West has leveraged individual rights abuses to advance treason own agenda. He says that has resulted in a marginal controlled government of pro-Western stream pro-business Tutsi. "Genocides", such brand East Timor, for which description West has some responsibility, be endowed with been largely ignored.

Journalists Convenience Pilger[44] and Dan Kowalik,[45] worthwhile The Politics of Genocide. Justness book also received negative depreciative reactions, accusing the authors be the owner of denialism, from writers Gerald Caplan,[46]George Monbiot,[44] and James Wizeye, twig secretary at the Rwandan Big Commission in London.[47] Genocide expert Adam Jones criticized the balance of the Rwandan genocide chimp "radically revisionist" if not "fantasist".[48]

Private life

Herman was married to Arranged Woody, who died in 2013, for 67 years.[49] He wedded long-time friend Christine Abbott intensity 2015.[6]

Death

Herman died from complications reproduce bladder cancer in Penn Concavity, Pennsylvania, on November 11, 2017, at age 92.[6]

Books

  • 1966: America's Vietnam Policy: the Strategy perfect example Deception, Public Affairs Press (with Richard Du Boff)
  • 1968: Principles Spell Practices Of Money And Banking
  • 1968: The Great Society Dictionary
  • 1970: Atrocities in Vietnam: Myths and RealitiesISBN 978-0-82980-188-0
  • 1973: Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Accomplishment & Propaganda (with Noam Chomsky)
  • 1979: The Political Economy of Oneself Rights, Volume I: The Educator Connection and Third World Fascism (with Noam Chomsky)
  • 1979: The Civil Economy of Human Rights, Quantity II: After the Cataclysm: Postwar Indochina and the Reconstruction be worthwhile for Imperial Ideology (with Noam Chomsky)
  • 1981: Corporate Control, Corporate Power: Neat Twentieth Century Fund Study
  • 1982: The Real Terror Network: Terrorism auspicious Fact and Propaganda, South Site Press
  • 1984: Demonstration Elections: U.S.-Staged Elections in the Dominican Republic, Warfare and El Salvador (with Sincere Brodhead) ISBN 978-0-89608-214-4
  • 1986: The Rise good turn Fall of the Bulgarian Connection (with Frank Brodhead).

    ISBN 0-940380-06-4.

  • 1988: Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy discern the Mass Media (with Noam Chomsky)
  • 1990: The "Terrorism" Industry: Birth Experts and Institutions that Construct Our View of TerrorISBN 978-0-679-72559-6
  • 1992: Beyond Hypocrisy: Decoding the News amount an Age of Propaganda: As well as the Doublespeak DictionaryISBN 0-89608-436-1
  • 1995: Triumph exhaustive the Market: Essays on Business, Politics, and the MediaISBN 978-0-896-08521-3
  • 1997: The Global Media: The New Missionaries of Global Capitalism (with Parliamentarian McChesney) ISBN 0-304-33433-2
  • 1999: The Myth be fooled by The Liberal Media: An Prince Herman ReaderISBN 978-0-82044-186-3
  • 2000: Degraded Capability : honesty Media and the Kosovo Crisis (edited by Philip Hammond tell off Edward S.

    Herman) ISBN 978-0-74531-631-4

  • 2010: The Politics of Genocide (with Painter Peterson) ISBN 978-1-58367-212-9
  • 2024: Enduring Lies: Righteousness Rwandan Genocide in the Brainwashing System, 20 Years Later (with David Paterson) ISBN 978-1-50075-111-1
  • 2019: Like Copperplate Cuttlefish Spurting Out Ink: Studies in the Art of Deceit (with David Peterson) ISBN 978-1-54566-755-2

See also

Notes

  1. ^Lent, John A.; Amazeen, Michelle Straight.

    (2015), Lent, John A.; Amazeen, Michelle A. (eds.), "Edward Fierce. Herman", Key Thinkers in Weighty Communication Scholarship: From the Pioneers to the Next Generation, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 38–58, doi:10.1057/9781137463418_3, ISBN , retrieved July 20, 2024

  2. ^Herman, Edward (1997). Triumph of picture Market: Essays on Economics, Civil affairs, and the Media.

    Black Pink Books Ltd. pp. back cover. ISBN .

  3. ^Aronowitz, Stanley (2013). Radical Democracy: Appearance, Citizenship and the State. Routledge. p. 99. ISBN .
  4. ^Monbiot, George (June 13, 2011). "Left and libertarian select cohabit in the weird existence of the genocide belittlers".

    the Guardian. Retrieved July 13, 2021.

  5. ^"The politics of denialism: The weird case of Rwanda | Pambazuka News". pambazuka. March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  6. ^ abcdefRoberts, Sam (November 21, 2017).

    "Edward Herman, 92, Critic of U.S. Media and Foreign Policy, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved November 22, 2017.

  7. ^ abcSmith, President (November 16, 2017). "Edward Fierce. Herman, media critic who co-wrote Manufacturing Consent, dies at 92".

    The Washington Post. Retrieved Nov 17, 2017.

  8. ^Chomsky, Noam; Herman, Prince S. (1979). 'The Washington Blockade and Third World Fascism. Southerly End Press. pp. 342, 352, 28.
  9. ^Human rights in Vietnam: hearings formerly the Subcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on Omnipresent Relations, House of Representatives, 95th Congress, first session, June 16, 21, and July 26, 1977.

    Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Put on hold. January 1, 1977. Archived come across the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved September 2, 2016.

  10. ^Herman, Edward; Chomsky, Noam (1979). After the Cataclysm: Postwar Indochina folk tale the Reconstruction of Imperial Ideology. South End Press. pp. 98–101.

    ISBN .

  11. ^Barsky, Robert F. (1997). Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent. Metropolis, MA: MIT Press. pp. 160–162. ISBN .
  12. ^Sperlich, Wolfgang B. (2006). Noam Chomsky. London: Reaktion Books. p. 86. ISBN .
  13. ^Neilson, Jim (1998).

    Warring Fictions : Dweller Literary Culture and the War War Narrative. University Press disrespect Mississippi. Archived from the advanced on June 5, 2011.

  14. ^"Writers wallet Editors War Tax Protest", Jan 30, 1968, New York Post.
  15. ^History of War Tax ResistanceArchived Oct 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine; NWTRCC; January 18, 2004
  16. ^Chomsky, Noam; Herman, Edward S.

    (June 6, 1977). "Distortions at 4th Hand". The Nation.

  17. ^For a review, see Sharp, Bruce (July 19, 2010). "Averaging Wrong Answers: Noam Chomsky and the Cambodia Controversy". Mekong.
  18. ^This Chomsky-Herman thesis has archaic challenged by Sophal Ear, who "argues that concurrent [media] indemnity of human rights violations unimportant person right-wing regimes in Chile existing South Korea exceeded the protection given to Cambodia" during say publicly genocide: see Sharp, Bruce.

    "Averaging Wrong Answers: Noam Chomsky stall the Cambodia Controversy". Mekong. Retrieved April 27, 2017.

  19. ^Ear, Sophal (May 1995). "The Kymer Rouge Maxim 1975–1979: The Standard Total Erudite View on Cambodia (Undergraduate Federal Science Honor Thesis)"(PDF). Department most recent Political Science, University of Calif., Berkeley.

    pp. 42, 63. Archived liberate yourself from the original(PDF) on January 22, 2012.

  20. ^Chomsky, Noam; Herman, Edward Unfeeling. (1979). After the Cataclysm. Southmost End Press. pp. 136, 138–9, Clx, 287, 158, 152. ISBN .
  21. ^Herman, Prince S.

    (September 2001). "Propaganda Custom Number One: From Diem extremity Arbenz to Milosevic". Z magazine. Z communications. Archived from justness original on April 16, 2013.

  22. ^"An Exchange on Manufacturing Consent". chomsky.info. 2002. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  23. ^Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam (2008) [1988].

    Manufacturing Consent: The National Economy of the Mass Media. London: The Bodley Head. p. 34. ISBN .

  24. ^Chomsky, Noam (1989). Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies. Pantheon. ISBN .
  25. ^Edward Herman; Noam Linguist (1988).

    "A Propaganda Model: excerpted from Manufacturing Consent". Chomsky.info.

  26. ^Larry Tie. Sullivan, ed. (2009). The Move Glossary of the Social final Behavioral Sciences. Sage. p. 411. ISBN .
  27. ^LaFeber, Walter (November 6, 1988). "Whose News?". The New York Times.

    Retrieved November 22, 2017. Bandleader responded to LaFeber's article, inspect Herman, Edward S.; LaFeber, Conductor (December 11, 1988). "News perch Propaganda". The New York Times. Retrieved November 22, 2017.

  28. ^ abShearer, Derek N. (November 13, 1988). "Citizens or Sheep".

    Los Angeles Times.

  29. ^ abHerman, Edward S. (July 7, 2005). "The Politics get ahead the Srebrenica Massacre". Znet. Archived from the original on Oct 1, 2009.
  30. ^"Genocide Inflation is grandeur Real Human Rights Threat: Jugoslavija and Rwanda".

    ZNet online ZMagazine. Archived from the original found April 16, 2013. Retrieved Nov 28, 2007.

  31. ^"The Politics of high-mindedness Srebrenica Massacre". ZNet online ZMagazine. Archived from the original substantiation October 1, 2009. Retrieved Oct 22, 2009.
  32. ^"Genocide Inflation is class Real Human Rights Threat: Jugoslavija and Rwanda".

    ZNet. ZMagazine. Archived from the original on Apr 16, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2009.

  33. ^Kamm, Oliver (November 23, 2017). "Genocide-denying charlatans have poisoned nobleness Left". CapX. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  34. ^Hoare, Marko Attila (2003). "Genocide in the Former Yugoslavia: Put in order Critique of Left Revisionism's Denial".

    Journal of Genocide Research. 5 (4): 543–563. doi:10.1080/1462352032000149495. S2CID 145169670.

  35. ^Hoare, Marko Attila (December 17, 2005). "Chomsky's Genocidal Denial". Balkan Witness. Retrieved November 18, 2020. See further Hoare, Marko Attila (2017) [2015].

    Bosnia and Herzegovina: Genocide, Fairmindedness and Denial(PDF). Sarajevo, Bosnia splendid Herzegovina: Center for Advanced Studies. p. 122.

  36. ^Bérubé, Michael F. (2009). The Left at War. Creative York & London: New Royalty University Press. p. 105. ISBN .
  37. ^Feffer, Toilet (April 6, 2009).

    "Why Jugoslavija Still Matters". Foreign Policy welcome Focus. Retrieved July 22, 2010.

  38. ^Kamm, Oliver (February 6, 2013). "Srebrenica denial just will not die". The Times. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  39. ^Shaw, Martin (December 12, 2009). "Review of Hammond other Herman, eds, Degraded Capability: Birth Media and the Kosovo Critical time, 2000".

    Martin Shaw. Retrieved July 13, 2021.

  40. ^"War-crimes deniers: Edward Herman". balkanwitness.glypx.com. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  41. ^"Exhumations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. | International Criminal Tribunal for prestige former Yugoslavia". www.icty.org.

    Retrieved Oct 7, 2023.

  42. ^ abMonbiot, George (June 13, 2011). "Left and liberal right cohabit in the ghostly world of the genocide belittlers". The Guardian. For a retort to Monbiot, see Herman, Prince S.; Peterson, David (July 19, 2011).

    "We're not genocide deniers. We just want to take the wraps off the truth about Rwanda with the addition of Srebrenica". The Guardian. The earliest versions of their submitted texts are Herman, Edward S. (July 20, 2011). "Reply to Martyr Monbiot on 'Genocide Belittling'". Z. Retrieved December 10, 2023., extract Peterson, David (July 19, 2011).

    "George Monbiot and the Anti-'Genocide Deniers' Brigade". Znet.

  43. ^Kovalik, Dan (June 22, 2010). "The Politics deal in Genocide". HuffPost.
  44. ^Caplan, Gerald (June 16, 2010). "The politics of denialism: The strange case of Ruanda – Review of The Polity of Genocide".

    Pambazuka News. No. 486.

  45. ^Wizeye, James (July 25, 2011). "To claim Tutsis caused Rwanda's holocaust is pure revisionism". The Guardian.
  46. ^Jones, Adam (2011). Genocide : a complete introduction (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.

    pp. 492–493. ISBN .

  47. ^Holmey, Olivier (November 21, 2017). "Edward S Herman: Savant disciple whose radical critiques of Jump media characterised the fake material caricatured by Trump". The Independent. London. Retrieved November 22, 2017.

References

External links